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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="JSON for Modern C++ is a header-only C++11 library that makes JSON a first-class data type."><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/integration/compile_times/" rel="canonical"><link href=../pkg-config/ rel=prev><link href=../../api/basic_json/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.8.0"><title>Compile times - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.57a0d79d.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.fb2fffe2.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/brand.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/fig-sax.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/fig-jsonview.css><link rel=stylesheet 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data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title="JSON for Modern C++" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="JSON for Modern C++" data-md-component=logo> <img src=../../images/wordmark-header.svg alt=logo> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON for Modern C++ </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> Compile times </span> </div> </div> </div> <form class=md-header__option data-md-component=palette> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme=default 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<span class=p>{</span>
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<span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>;</span>
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<span class=w> </span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>age</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>;</span>
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@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ clang++<span class=w> </span>-std<span class=o>=</span>c++17<span class=w> </spa
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<span class=c1># GCC 16 (Homebrew on macOS): pch.hpp.gch next to pch.hpp is picked up by -include pch.hpp</span>
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g++-16<span class=w> </span>--sysroot<span class=o>=</span><span class=k>$(</span>xcrun<span class=w> </span>--show-sdk-path<span class=k>)</span><span class=w> </span>-std<span class=o>=</span>c++17<span class=w> </span>-O0<span class=w> </span>-I<span class=w> </span>single_include<span class=w> </span>-x<span class=w> </span>c++-header<span class=w> </span>pch.hpp<span class=w> </span>-o<span class=w> </span>pch.hpp.gch
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g++-16<span class=w> </span>--sysroot<span class=o>=</span><span class=k>$(</span>xcrun<span class=w> </span>--show-sdk-path<span class=k>)</span><span class=w> </span>-std<span class=o>=</span>c++17<span class=w> </span>-O0<span class=w> </span>-I<span class=w> </span>single_include<span class=w> </span>-include<span class=w> </span>pch.hpp<span class=w> </span>-Winvalid-pch<span class=w> </span>-c<span class=w> </span>model.cpp
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</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=options-without-effect-on-compile-times>Options without effect on compile times<a class=headerlink href=#options-without-effect-on-compile-times title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Some configuration macros change what the library declares, but do not measurably change compile times:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Macro</th> <th style="text-align: right;">Apple clang, model (<code>-O0</code> / <code>-O2</code>)</th> <th style="text-align: right;"><abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr> 16, model (<code>-O0</code> / <code>-O2</code>)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>default</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1051 ms / 1300 ms</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1801 ms / 2106 ms</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_io/ ><code>JSON_NO_IO</code></a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">1034 ms / 1288 ms</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1756 ms / 2087 ms</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../api/macros/json_use_global_udls/ ><code>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS</code></a><code>=0</code></td> <td style="text-align: right;">1055 ms / 1298 ms</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1783 ms / 2109 ms</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class=nj-table-caption>Compile time of the model translation unit with each macro defined; the first row is the default configuration for comparison.</p> <p><code>JSON_NO_IO</code> removes the library's stream functions and its <code>#include</code>s of <code><istream></code> and <code><ostream></code>, but with the default C++17 settings <code><filesystem></code> includes these headers anyway (and with libc++, <code><vector></code> already includes <code><streambuf></code> via <code><locale></code>), so only a few hundred lines of the library's own stream code go away. It also does not change what the translation unit instantiates. On the parsing translation unit, the change is 0% / 0% (Apple clang) and −2% / 0% (<abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr>). To get a saving, combine it with <a href=#switch-off-filesystem-support>switching off filesystem support</a>.</p> <p><code>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS</code> only controls <em>where</em> the literals are declared; to avoid their cost, use <code>JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS</code> instead.</p> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_has_filesystem/ ><code>JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM</code></a> - control the conversions from and to <code>std::filesystem::path</code></li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_automatic_udls/ ><code>JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS</code></a> - do not include the user-defined string literals automatically</li> <li><a href=../../features/modules/ >Modules</a> - C++20 module support</li> <li><a href=../ >Header only</a> - including the library</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/ >Macros</a> - reference of all macros</li> <li><a href=../../features/macros/ >Supported Macros</a> - overview of all configuration macros</li> <li><a href=../../features/performance/ >Performance</a> - run-time performance</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_io/ ><code>JSON_NO_IO</code></a> - remove all stream and file I/O</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 27, 2026 06:41:42 UTC">October 27, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label=Footer> <a href=../pkg-config/ class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Pkg-config"> <div class="md-footer__button md-icon"> <svLine truncated
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</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=options-without-effect-on-compile-times>Options without effect on compile times<a class=headerlink href=#options-without-effect-on-compile-times title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Some configuration macros change what the library declares, but do not measurably change compile times:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Macro</th> <th style="text-align: right;">Apple clang, model (<code>-O0</code> / <code>-O2</code>)</th> <th style="text-align: right;"><abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr> 16, model (<code>-O0</code> / <code>-O2</code>)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>default</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1051 ms / 1300 ms</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1801 ms / 2106 ms</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_io/ ><code>JSON_NO_IO</code></a></td> <td style="text-align: right;">1034 ms / 1288 ms</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1756 ms / 2087 ms</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../api/macros/json_use_global_udls/ ><code>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS</code></a><code>=0</code></td> <td style="text-align: right;">1055 ms / 1298 ms</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1783 ms / 2109 ms</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class=nj-table-caption>Compile time of the model translation unit with each macro defined; the first row is the default configuration for comparison.</p> <p><code>JSON_NO_IO</code> removes the library's stream functions and its <code>#include</code>s of <code><istream></code> and <code><ostream></code>, but with the default C++17 settings <code><filesystem></code> includes these headers anyway (and with libc++, <code><vector></code> already includes <code><streambuf></code> via <code><locale></code>), so only a few hundred lines of the library's own stream code go away. It also does not change what the translation unit instantiates. On the parsing translation unit, the change is 0% / 0% (Apple clang) and −2% / 0% (<abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr>). To get a saving, combine it with <a href=#switch-off-filesystem-support>switching off filesystem support</a>.</p> <p><code>JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS</code> only controls <em>where</em> the literals are declared; to avoid their cost, use <code>JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS</code> instead.</p> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_has_filesystem/ ><code>JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM</code></a> - control the conversions from and to <code>std::filesystem::path</code></li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_automatic_udls/ ><code>JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS</code></a> - do not include the user-defined string literals automatically</li> <li><a href=../../features/modules/ >Modules</a> - C++20 module support</li> <li><a href=../ >Header only</a> - including the library</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/ >Macros</a> - reference of all macros</li> <li><a href=../../features/macros/ >Supported Macros</a> - overview of all configuration macros</li> <li><a href=../../features/performance/ >Performance</a> - run-time performance</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_io/ ><code>JSON_NO_IO</code></a> - remove all stream and file I/O</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 27, 2026 06:41:42 UTC">October 27, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label=Footer> <a href=../pkg-config/ class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Pkg-config"> <div class="md-footer__button md-icon"> <svLine truncated
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