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<span class=n>value_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>m_type</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>value_t</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>null</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=c1>/// the value of the current element</span>
<span class=n>json_value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>m_value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{};</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>with</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>enum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>value_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span>
<span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>null</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; null value</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>object</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; object (unordered set of name/value pairs)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>array</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; array (ordered collection of values)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>string</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; string value</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>boolean</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; boolean value</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_integer</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; number value (signed integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_unsigned</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; number value (unsigned integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_float</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; number value (floating-point)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>binary</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; binary array (ordered collection of bytes)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>discarded</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; discarded by the parser callback function</span>
<span class=p>};</span>
<span class=k>union</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>json_value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// object (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>object_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>object</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// array (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>array_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>array</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// string (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>string_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// binary (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>binary_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>binary</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// boolean</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>boolean_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>boolean</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// number (integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_integer_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_integer</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// number (unsigned integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_unsigned_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_unsigned</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// number (floating-point)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_float_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_float</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=p>};</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=parsing-inputs-deserialization>Parsing inputs (deserialization)<a class=headerlink href=#parsing-inputs-deserialization title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Input is read via <strong>input adapters</strong> that abstract a source with a common interface:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=c1>/// read a single character</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>char_traits</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;::</span><span class=n>int_type</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>get_character</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>noexcept</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=c1>/// read multiple characters to a destination buffer and</span>
<span class=c1>/// returns the number of characters successfully read</span>
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>size_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>get_elements</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dest</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>size_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>count</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>List examples of input adapters.</p> <h2 id=sax-interface><abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> Interface<a class=headerlink href=#sax-interface title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>TODO</p> <h2 id=writing-outputs-serialization>Writing outputs (serialization)<a class=headerlink href=#writing-outputs-serialization title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Output is written via <strong>output adapters</strong>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>write_character</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>CharType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>c</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>CharType</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>write_characters</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>CharType</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>s</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>size_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>length</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>List examples of output adapters.</p> <h2 id=value-conversion>Value conversion<a class=headerlink href=#value-conversion title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>to_json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>t</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>from_json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>t</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=additional-features>Additional features<a class=headerlink href=#additional-features title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointers</li> <li>Binary formats</li> <li>Custom base class</li> <li>Conversion macros</li> </ul> <h2 id=details-namespace>Details namespace<a class=headerlink href=#details-namespace title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>C++ feature backports</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="August 2, 2025 19:06:01 UTC">August 2, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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<span class=n>value_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>m_type</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>value_t</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>null</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=c1>/// the value of the current element</span>
<span class=n>json_value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>m_value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{};</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>with</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>enum</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>value_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span>
<span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>null</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; null value</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>object</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; object (unordered set of name/value pairs)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>array</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; array (ordered collection of values)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>string</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; string value</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>boolean</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; boolean value</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_integer</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; number value (signed integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_unsigned</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; number value (unsigned integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_float</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; number value (floating-point)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>binary</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; binary array (ordered collection of bytes)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>discarded</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>///&lt; discarded by the parser callback function</span>
<span class=p>};</span>
<span class=k>union</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>json_value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// object (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>object_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>object</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// array (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>array_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>array</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// string (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>string_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// binary (stored with pointer to save storage)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>binary_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>binary</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// boolean</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>boolean_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>boolean</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// number (integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_integer_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_integer</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// number (unsigned integer)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_unsigned_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_unsigned</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>/// number (floating-point)</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_float_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>number_float</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=p>};</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=parsing-inputs-deserialization>Parsing inputs (deserialization)<a class=headerlink href=#parsing-inputs-deserialization title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Input is read via <strong>input adapters</strong> that abstract a source with a common interface:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=c1>/// read a single character</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>char_traits</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;::</span><span class=n>int_type</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>get_character</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>noexcept</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=c1>/// read multiple characters to a destination buffer and</span>
<span class=c1>/// returns the number of characters successfully read</span>
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>size_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>get_elements</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dest</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>size_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>count</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>List examples of input adapters.</p> <h2 id=sax-interface><abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> Interface<a class=headerlink href=#sax-interface title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>TODO</p> <h2 id=writing-outputs-serialization>Writing outputs (serialization)<a class=headerlink href=#writing-outputs-serialization title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Output is written via <strong>output adapters</strong>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>write_character</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>CharType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>c</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>CharType</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>write_characters</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>CharType</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>s</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>size_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>length</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>List examples of output adapters.</p> <h2 id=value-conversion>Value conversion<a class=headerlink href=#value-conversion title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>to_json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>t</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
<span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>from_json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>t</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=additional-features>Additional features<a class=headerlink href=#additional-features title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointers</li> <li>Binary formats</li> <li>Custom base class</li> <li>Conversion macros</li> </ul> <h2 id=details-namespace>Details namespace<a class=headerlink href=#details-namespace title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>C++ feature backports</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="August 3, 2025 08:02:12 UTC">August 3, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/home/customers/" rel="canonical"><link href=../architecture/ rel=prev><link href=../sponsors/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.16"><title>Customers - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.7e37652d.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new 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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link rel="canonical" href="https://json.nlohmann.me/home/design_goals.html"><link rel=prev href=releases.html><link rel=next href=architecture.html><link rel=icon href=../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.16"><title>Design goals - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../assets/stylesheets/main.7e37652d.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new 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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/home/design_goals/" rel="canonical"><link href=../releases/ rel=prev><link href=../architecture/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.16"><title>Design goals - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.7e37652d.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new 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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/home/exceptions/" rel="canonical"><link href=../faq/ rel=prev><link href=../releases/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.16"><title>Exceptions - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.7e37652d.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new 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direction LR
class `std::exception` {
&lt;&lt;interface&gt;&gt;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
`json::exception` &lt;|-- `json::invalid_iterator`
`json::exception` &lt;|-- `json::type_error`
`json::exception` &lt;|-- `json::out_of_range`
`json::exception` &lt;|-- `json::other_error`</code></pre> <h3 id=switch-off-exceptions>Switch off exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#switch-off-exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Exceptions are used widely within the library. They can, however, be switched off with either using the compiler flag <code>-fno-exceptions</code> or by defining the symbol <a href=../api/macros/json_noexception.html><code>JSON_NOEXCEPTION</code></a>. In this case, exceptions are replaced by <code>abort()</code> calls. You can further control this behavior by defining <code>JSON_THROW_USER</code> (overriding <code class=highlight><span class=k>throw</span></code>), <code>JSON_TRY_USER</code> (overriding <code class=highlight><span class=k>try</span></code>), and <code>JSON_CATCH_USER</code> (overriding <code class=highlight><span class=k>catch</span></code>).</p> <p>Note that <a href=../api/macros/json_throw_user.html><code>JSON_THROW_USER</code></a> should leave the current scope (e.g., by throwing or aborting), as continuing after it may yield undefined behavior.</p> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The code below switches off exceptions and creates a log entry with a detailed error message in case of errors.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
`json::exception` &lt;|-- `json::other_error`</code></pre> <h3 id=switch-off-exceptions>Switch off exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#switch-off-exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Exceptions are used widely within the library. They can, however, be switched off with either using the compiler flag <code>-fno-exceptions</code> or by defining the symbol <a href=../../api/macros/json_noexception/ ><code>JSON_NOEXCEPTION</code></a>. In this case, exceptions are replaced by <code>abort()</code> calls. You can further control this behavior by defining <code>JSON_THROW_USER</code> (overriding <code class=highlight><span class=k>throw</span></code>), <code>JSON_TRY_USER</code> (overriding <code class=highlight><span class=k>try</span></code>), and <code>JSON_CATCH_USER</code> (overriding <code class=highlight><span class=k>catch</span></code>).</p> <p>Note that <a href=../../api/macros/json_throw_user/ ><code>JSON_THROW_USER</code></a> should leave the current scope (e.g., by throwing or aborting), as continuing after it may yield undefined behavior.</p> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The code below switches off exceptions and creates a log entry with a detailed error message in case of errors.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class=cp>#define JSON_TRY_USER if(true)</span>
<span class=cp>#define JSON_CATCH_USER(exception) if(false)</span>
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
<span class=cp> std::abort();}</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div> </details> <p>Note the explanatory <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception/what"><code>what()</code></a> string of exceptions is not available for <abbr title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</abbr> if exceptions are disabled, see <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/discussions/2824">#2824</a>.</p> <p>See <a href=../api/macros/json_throw_user.html>documentation of <code>JSON_TRY_USER</code>, <code>JSON_CATCH_USER</code> and <code>JSON_THROW_USER</code></a> for more information.</p> <h3 id=extended-diagnostic-messages>Extended diagnostic messages<a class=headerlink href=#extended-diagnostic-messages title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Exceptions in the library are thrown in the local context of the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value they are detected. This makes detailed diagnostics messages, and hence debugging, difficult.</p> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div> </details> <p>Note the explanatory <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception/what"><code>what()</code></a> string of exceptions is not available for <abbr title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</abbr> if exceptions are disabled, see <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/discussions/2824">#2824</a>.</p> <p>See <a href=../../api/macros/json_throw_user/ >documentation of <code>JSON_TRY_USER</code>, <code>JSON_CATCH_USER</code> and <code>JSON_THROW_USER</code></a> for more information.</p> <h3 id=extended-diagnostic-messages>Extended diagnostic messages<a class=headerlink href=#extended-diagnostic-messages title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Exceptions in the library are thrown in the local context of the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value they are detected. This makes detailed diagnostics messages, and hence debugging, difficult.</p> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
<span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
<span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.302] type must be number, but is string
</code></pre></div> <p>This exception can be hard to debug if storing the value <code class=highlight><span class=s>&quot;12&quot;</span></code> and accessing it is further apart.</p> </details> <p>To create better diagnostics messages, each <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value needs a pointer to its parent value such that a global context (i.e., a path from the root value to the value that led to the exception) can be created. That global context is provided as <a href=../features/json_pointer.html><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointer</a>.</p> <p>As this global context comes at the price of storing one additional pointer per <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value and runtime overhead to maintain the parent relation, extended diagnostics are disabled by default. They can, however, be enabled by defining the preprocessor symbol <a href=../api/macros/json_diagnostics.html><code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> to <code>1</code> before including <code>json.hpp</code>.</p> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>This exception can be hard to debug if storing the value <code class=highlight><span class=s>&quot;12&quot;</span></code> and accessing it is further apart.</p> </details> <p>To create better diagnostics messages, each <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value needs a pointer to its parent value such that a global context (i.e., a path from the root value to the value that led to the exception) can be created. That global context is provided as <a href=../../features/json_pointer/ ><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointer</a>.</p> <p>As this global context comes at the price of storing one additional pointer per <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value and runtime overhead to maintain the parent relation, extended diagnostics are disabled by default. They can, however, be enabled by defining the preprocessor symbol <a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostics/ ><code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> to <code>1</code> before including <code>json.hpp</code>.</p> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class=cp># define JSON_DIAGNOSTICS 1</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
<span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.302] (/address/housenumber) type must be number, but is string
</code></pre></div> <p>Now the exception message contains a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointer <code>/address/housenumber</code> that indicates which value has the wrong type.</p> </details> <p>See <a href=../api/macros/json_diagnostics.html>documentation of <code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> for more information.</p> <h2 id=parse-errors>Parse errors<a class=headerlink href=#parse-errors title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The library throws this exception when a parse error occurs. Parse errors can occur during the deserialization of <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text, <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr>, MessagePack, as well as when using <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Patch.</p> <p>Exceptions have ids 1xx.</p> <div class="admonition info"> <p class=admonition-title>Byte index</p> <p>Member <code>byte</code> holds the byte index of the last read character in the input file.</p> <p>For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file. This also holds true when reading a byte vector (<abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> or MessagePack).</p> </div> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The following code shows how a <code>parse_error</code> exception can be caught.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>Now the exception message contains a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointer <code>/address/housenumber</code> that indicates which value has the wrong type.</p> </details> <p>See <a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostics/ >documentation of <code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> for more information.</p> <h2 id=parse-errors>Parse errors<a class=headerlink href=#parse-errors title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The library throws this exception when a parse error occurs. Parse errors can occur during the deserialization of <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text, <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr>, MessagePack, as well as when using <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Patch.</p> <p>Exceptions have ids 1xx.</p> <div class="admonition info"> <p class=admonition-title>Byte index</p> <p>Member <code>byte</code> holds the byte index of the last read character in the input file.</p> <p>For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character and n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of file. This also holds true when reading a byte vector (<abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> or MessagePack).</p> </div> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The following code shows how a <code>parse_error</code> exception can be caught.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
<span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ byte position of error: 8
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.109] parse error: array index &#39;+1&#39; is not a number
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptionparse_error110>json.exception.parse_error.110<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptionparse_error110 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>When parsing <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> or MessagePack, the byte vector ends before the complete value has been read.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: expected end of input; last byte: 0x5A
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptionparse_error112>json.exception.parse_error.112<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptionparse_error112 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>An unexpected byte was read in a <a href=../features/binary_formats/index.html>binary format</a> or length information is invalid (<a href=../features/binary_formats/bson.html><abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr></a>).</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example messages</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: invalid byte: 0x1C
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptionparse_error112>json.exception.parse_error.112<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptionparse_error112 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>An unexpected byte was read in a <a href=../../features/binary_formats/ >binary format</a> or length information is invalid (<a href=../../features/binary_formats/bson/ ><abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr></a>).</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example messages</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: invalid byte: 0x1C
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing MessagePack value: invalid byte: 0xC1
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing BJData size: expected &#39;#&#39; after type information; last byte: 0x02
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON size: expected &#39;#&#39; after type information; last byte: 0x02
@@ -157,11 +157,11 @@ byte position of error: 8
</code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>message: [json.exception.invalid_iterator.207] cannot use key() for non-object iterators
exception id: 207
</code></pre></div> </details> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator201>json.exception.invalid_iterator.201<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator201 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The iterators passed to constructor <code>basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last)</code> are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (<code>first</code>, <code>last</code>) is invalid.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.201] iterators are not compatible
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202>json.exception.invalid_iterator.202<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>In the <a href=../api/basic_json/erase.html>erase</a> or insert function, the passed iterator <code>pos</code> does not belong to the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value for which the function was called. It hence does not define a valid position for the deletion/insertion.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example messages</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.202] iterator does not fit current value
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202>json.exception.invalid_iterator.202<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator202 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>In the <a href=../../api/basic_json/erase/ >erase</a> or insert function, the passed iterator <code>pos</code> does not belong to the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value for which the function was called. It hence does not define a valid position for the deletion/insertion.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example messages</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.202] iterator does not fit current value
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.202] iterators first and last must point to objects
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator203>json.exception.invalid_iterator.203<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator203 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Either iterator passed to function <a href=../api/basic_json/erase.html><code>erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last</code>)</a> does not belong to the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value from which values shall be erased. It hence does not define a valid range to delete values from.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.203] iterators do not fit current value
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204>json.exception.invalid_iterator.204<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>When an iterator range for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to a constructor or an <a href=../api/basic_json/erase.html>erase</a> function, this range has to be exactly (<code>begin(),</code> <code>end()),</code> because this is the only way the single stored value is expressed. All other ranges are invalid.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.204] iterators out of range
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator205>json.exception.invalid_iterator.205<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator205 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>When an iterator for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to an <a href=../api/basic_json/erase.html>erase</a> function, the iterator has to be the <code>begin()</code> iterator, because it is the only way to address the stored value. All other iterators are invalid.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.205] iterator out of range
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator203>json.exception.invalid_iterator.203<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator203 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Either iterator passed to function <a href=../../api/basic_json/erase/ ><code>erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last</code>)</a> does not belong to the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value from which values shall be erased. It hence does not define a valid range to delete values from.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.203] iterators do not fit current value
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204>json.exception.invalid_iterator.204<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>When an iterator range for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to a constructor or an <a href=../../api/basic_json/erase/ >erase</a> function, this range has to be exactly (<code>begin(),</code> <code>end()),</code> because this is the only way the single stored value is expressed. All other ranges are invalid.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.204] iterators out of range
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator205>json.exception.invalid_iterator.205<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator205 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>When an iterator for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to an <a href=../../api/basic_json/erase/ >erase</a> function, the iterator has to be the <code>begin()</code> iterator, because it is the only way to address the stored value. All other iterators are invalid.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.205] iterator out of range
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator206>json.exception.invalid_iterator.206<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator206 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The iterators passed to constructor <code>basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last)</code> belong to a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> null value and hence to not define a valid range.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.206] cannot construct with iterators from null
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator207>json.exception.invalid_iterator.207<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator207 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <code>key()</code> member function can only be used on iterators belonging to a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object, because other types do not have a concept of a key.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.207] cannot use key() for non-object iterators
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator208>json.exception.invalid_iterator.208<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator208 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <code>operator[]</code> to specify a concrete offset cannot be used on iterators belonging to a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object, because <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> objects are unordered.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.invalid_iterator.208] cannot use operator[] for object iterators
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ exception id: 308
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptiontype_error305>json.exception.type_error.305<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptiontype_error305 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <code>operator[]</code> member functions can only be executed for certain <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example messages</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.305] cannot use operator[] with a string argument with array
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.305] cannot use operator[] with a numeric argument with object
</code></pre></div></p> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptiontype_error306>json.exception.type_error.306<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptiontype_error306 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <code>value()</code> member functions can only be executed for certain <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.306] cannot use value() with number
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptiontype_error307>json.exception.type_error.307<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptiontype_error307 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <a href=../api/basic_json/erase.html><code>erase()</code></a> member functions can only be executed for certain <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.307] cannot use erase() with string
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptiontype_error307>json.exception.type_error.307<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptiontype_error307 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <a href=../../api/basic_json/erase/ ><code>erase()</code></a> member functions can only be executed for certain <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.307] cannot use erase() with string
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptiontype_error308>json.exception.type_error.308<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptiontype_error308 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <code>push_back()</code> and <code>operator+=</code> member functions can only be executed for certain <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.308] cannot use push_back() with string
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptiontype_error309>json.exception.type_error.309<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptiontype_error309 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The <code>insert()</code> member functions can only be executed for certain <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example messages</p> <p><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.309] cannot use insert() with array
</code></pre></div> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.type_error.309] cannot use insert() with number
@@ -280,5 +280,5 @@ exception id: 401
</code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>message: [json.exception.other_error.501] unsuccessful: {&quot;op&quot;:&quot;test&quot;,&quot;path&quot;:&quot;/best_biscuit/name&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;Choco Leibniz&quot;}
exception id: 501
</code></pre></div> </details> <h3 id=jsonexceptionother_error501>json.exception.other_error.501<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptionother_error501 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>A <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Patch operation 'test' failed. The unsuccessful operation is also printed.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <p>Executing <code class=highlight><span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>&quot;op&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>&quot;test&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nt>&quot;path&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>&quot;/baz&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nt>&quot;value&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class=p>}</span></code> on <code class=highlight><span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>&quot;baz&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>&quot;qux&quot;</span><span class=p>}</span></code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.other_error.501] unsuccessful: {&quot;op&quot;:&quot;test&quot;,&quot;path&quot;:&quot;/baz&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;bar&quot;}
</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptionother_error502>json.exception.other_error.502<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptionother_error502 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This exception occurs when a null pointer is passed as <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> handler in <a href=../api/basic_json/sax_parse.html>sax_parse</a> function.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.other_error.502] SAX handler must not be null
</code></pre></div> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="August 2, 2025 19:06:01 UTC">August 2, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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</code></pre></div> </div> <h3 id=jsonexceptionother_error502>json.exception.other_error.502<a class=headerlink href=#jsonexceptionother_error502 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This exception occurs when a null pointer is passed as <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> handler in <a href=../../api/basic_json/sax_parse/ >sax_parse</a> function.</p> <div class="admonition failure"> <p class=admonition-title>Example message</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>[json.exception.other_error.502] SAX handler must not be null
</code></pre></div> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="August 3, 2025 08:02:12 UTC">August 3, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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</code></pre></div> <p>and</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>j</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=nb>true</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>yield different results (<code class=highlight><span class=p>[</span><span class=kc>true</span><span class=p>]</span></code> vs. <code class=highlight><span class=kc>true</span></code>)?</p> </div> <p>This is a known issue, and -- even worse -- the behavior differs between <abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr> and Clang. The "culprit" for this is the library's constructor overloads for initializer lists to allow syntax like</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>array</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>4</span><span class=p>};</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>for arrays and</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>object</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{{</span><span class=s>&quot;one&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>},</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=s>&quot;two&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>}};</span><span class=w> </span>
</code></pre></div> <p>for objects.</p> <div class="admonition tip"> <p class=admonition-title>Tip</p> <p>To avoid any confusion and ensure portable code, <strong>do not</strong> use brace initialization with the types <code>basic_json</code>, <code>json</code>, or <code>ordered_json</code> unless you want to create an object or array as shown in the examples above.</p> </div> <h2 id=limitations>Limitations<a class=headerlink href=#limitations title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=relaxed-parsing>Relaxed parsing<a class=headerlink href=#relaxed-parsing title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Can you add an option to ignore trailing commas?</p> </div> <p>This library does not support any feature that would jeopardize interoperability.</p> <h3 id=parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters>Parse errors reading non-<abbr title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</abbr> characters<a class=headerlink href=#parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Questions</p> <ul> <li>Why is the parser complaining about a Chinese character?</li> <li>Does the library support Unicode?</li> <li>I get an exception <code>[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 53: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '"Testé$')"</code></li> </ul> </div> <p>The library supports <strong>Unicode input</strong> as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Only <strong><abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8</strong> encoded input is supported, which is the default encoding for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>, according to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html#section-8.1"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a>.</li> <li><code>std::u16string</code> and <code>std::u32string</code> can be parsed, assuming <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 encoding, respectively. These encodings are not supported when reading from files or other input containers.</li> <li>Other encodings such as Latin-1 or <abbr title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr> 8859-1 are <strong>not</strong> supported and will yield parse or serialization errors.</li> <li>The library will not replace <a href="http://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar1">Unicode noncharacters</a>.</li> <li>Invalid surrogates (e.g., incomplete pairs such as <code>\uDEAD</code>) will yield parse errors.</li> <li>The strings stored in the library are <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 encoded. When using the default string type (<code>std::string</code>), note that its length/size functions return the number of stored bytes rather than the number of characters or glyphs.</li> <li>When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling <a href="https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5.html#a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5"><code>dump()</code></a> may throw an exception unless <code>json::error_handler_t::replace</code> or <code>json::error_handler_t::ignore</code> are used as error handlers.</li> </ul> <p>In most cases, the parser is right to complain, because the input is not <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 encoded. This is especially true for Microsoft Windows, where Latin-1 or <abbr title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr> 8859-1 is often the standard encoding.</p> <h3 id=wide-string-handling>Wide string handling<a class=headerlink href=#wide-string-handling title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Why are wide strings (e.g., <code>std::wstring</code>) dumped as arrays of numbers?</p> </div> <p>As described <a href=#parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters>above</a>, the library assumes <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 as encoding. To store a wide string, you need to change the encoding.</p> <div class="admonition example"> <p class=admonition-title>Example</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;codecvt&gt;</span><span class=c1> // codecvt_utf8</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;locale&gt;</span><span class=c1> // wstring_convert</span>
<span class=c1>// encoding function</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>to_utf8</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>wide_string</span><span class=p>)</span>
<span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=k>static</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring_convert</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>codecvt_utf8</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>wchar_t</span><span class=o>&gt;&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf8_conv</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=k>return</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf8_conv</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>to_bytes</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>wide_string</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
<span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ws</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>L</span><span class=s>&quot;車B1234 こんにちは&quot;</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>j</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>&quot;original&quot;</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ws</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>j</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>&quot;encoded&quot;</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>to_utf8</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ws</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>endl</span><span class=p>;</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>The result is:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=nt>&quot;encoded&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>&quot;車B1234 こんにちは&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=nt>&quot;original&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>36554</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>66</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>49</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>50</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>51</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>52</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>32</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12371</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12435</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12395</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12385</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12399</span><span class=p>]</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> </div> <h2 id=exceptions>Exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=parsing-without-exceptions>Parsing without exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#parsing-without-exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Is it possible to indicate a parse error without throwing an exception?</p> </div> <p>Yes, see <a href=../features/parsing/parse_exceptions.html>Parsing and exceptions</a>.</p> <h3 id=key-name-in-exceptions>Key name in exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#key-name-in-exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Can I get the key of the object item that caused an exception?</p> </div> <p>Yes, you can. Please define the symbol <a href=../api/macros/json_diagnostics.html><code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> to get <a href=exceptions.html#extended-diagnostic-messages>extended diagnostics messages</a>.</p> <h2 id=serialization-issues>Serialization issues<a class=headerlink href=#serialization-issues title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=number-precision>Number precision<a class=headerlink href=#number-precision title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <ul> <li>It seems that precision is lost when serializing a double.</li> <li>Can I change the precision for floating-point serialization?</li> </ul> </div> <p>The library uses <code>std::numeric_limits&lt;number_float_t&gt;::digits10</code> (15 for <abbr title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> <code>double</code>s) digits for serialization. This value is sufficient to guarantee roundtripping. If one uses more than this number of digits of precision, then string -&gt; value -&gt; string is not guaranteed to round-trip.</p> <div class="admonition quote"> <p class=admonition-title><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/numeric_limits/digits10">cppreference.com</a></p> <p>The value of <code>std::numeric_limits&lt;T&gt;::digits10</code> is the number of base-10 digits that can be represented by the type T without change, that is, any number with this many significant decimal digits can be converted to a value of type T and back to decimal form, without change due to rounding or overflow. </p> </div> <div class="admonition tip"> <p class=admonition-title>Tip</p> <p>The website <a href="https://float.exposed">https://float.exposed</a> gives a good insight into the internal storage of floating-point numbers.</p> </div> <p>See <a href=../features/types/number_handling.html#number-serialization>this section</a> on the library's number handling for more information.</p> <h2 id=compilation-issues>Compilation issues<a class=headerlink href=#compilation-issues title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=android-sdk>Android <abbr title="Software Development Kit">SDK</abbr><a class=headerlink href=#android-sdk title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Why does the code not compile with Android <abbr title="Software Development Kit">SDK</abbr>?</p> </div> <p>Android defaults to using very old compilers and C++ libraries. To fix this, add the following to your <code>Application.mk</code>. This will switch to the LLVM C++ library, the Clang compiler, and enable C++11 and other features disabled by default.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=na>APP_STL</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=s>= c++_shared</span>
<span class=na>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=s>= clang3.6</span>
<span class=na>APP_CPPFLAGS +</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>-frtti -fexceptions</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>The code compiles successfully with <a href="https://developer.android.com/ndk/index.html?hl=ml">Android <abbr title="Native Development Kit">NDK</abbr></a>, Revision 9 - 11 (and possibly later) and <a href="https://www.crystax.net/en/android/ndk">CrystaX's Android <abbr title="Native Development Kit">NDK</abbr></a> version 10.</p> <h3 id=missing-stl-function>Missing <abbr title="Standard Template Library">STL</abbr> function<a class=headerlink href=#missing-stl-function title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Questions</p> <ul> <li>Why do I get a compilation error <code>'to_string' is not a member of 'std'</code> (or similarly, for <code>strtod</code> or <code>strtof</code>)?</li> <li>Why does the code not compile with MinGW or Android <abbr title="Software Development Kit">SDK</abbr>?</li> </ul> </div> <p>This is not an issue with the code, but rather with the compiler itself. On Android, see above to build with a newer environment. For MinGW, please refer to <a href="http://tehsausage.com/mingw-to-string">this site</a> and <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/136">this discussion</a> for information on how to fix this bug. For Android <abbr title="Native Development Kit">NDK</abbr> using <code>APP_STL := gnustl_static</code>, please refer to <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/219">this discussion</a>.</p> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="August 2, 2025 19:06:01 UTC">August 2, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 2013-2025 Niels Lohmann </div> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path fill=currentColor d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nielslohmann/" target="_blank" relLine truncated
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</code></pre></div> <p>and</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>j</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=nb>true</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>yield different results (<code class=highlight><span class=p>[</span><span class=kc>true</span><span class=p>]</span></code> vs. <code class=highlight><span class=kc>true</span></code>)?</p> </div> <p>This is a known issue, and -- even worse -- the behavior differs between <abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr> and Clang. The "culprit" for this is the library's constructor overloads for initializer lists to allow syntax like</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>array</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>4</span><span class=p>};</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>for arrays and</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>object</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{{</span><span class=s>&quot;one&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>},</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=s>&quot;two&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>}};</span><span class=w> </span>
</code></pre></div> <p>for objects.</p> <div class="admonition tip"> <p class=admonition-title>Tip</p> <p>To avoid any confusion and ensure portable code, <strong>do not</strong> use brace initialization with the types <code>basic_json</code>, <code>json</code>, or <code>ordered_json</code> unless you want to create an object or array as shown in the examples above.</p> </div> <h2 id=limitations>Limitations<a class=headerlink href=#limitations title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=relaxed-parsing>Relaxed parsing<a class=headerlink href=#relaxed-parsing title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Can you add an option to ignore trailing commas?</p> </div> <p>This library does not support any feature that would jeopardize interoperability.</p> <h3 id=parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters>Parse errors reading non-<abbr title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</abbr> characters<a class=headerlink href=#parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Questions</p> <ul> <li>Why is the parser complaining about a Chinese character?</li> <li>Does the library support Unicode?</li> <li>I get an exception <code>[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 53: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '"Testé$')"</code></li> </ul> </div> <p>The library supports <strong>Unicode input</strong> as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Only <strong><abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8</strong> encoded input is supported, which is the default encoding for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>, according to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html#section-8.1"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a>.</li> <li><code>std::u16string</code> and <code>std::u32string</code> can be parsed, assuming <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 encoding, respectively. These encodings are not supported when reading from files or other input containers.</li> <li>Other encodings such as Latin-1 or <abbr title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr> 8859-1 are <strong>not</strong> supported and will yield parse or serialization errors.</li> <li>The library will not replace <a href="http://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar1">Unicode noncharacters</a>.</li> <li>Invalid surrogates (e.g., incomplete pairs such as <code>\uDEAD</code>) will yield parse errors.</li> <li>The strings stored in the library are <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 encoded. When using the default string type (<code>std::string</code>), note that its length/size functions return the number of stored bytes rather than the number of characters or glyphs.</li> <li>When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling <a href="https://nlohmann.github.io/json/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5.html#a50ec80b02d0f3f51130d4abb5d1cfdc5"><code>dump()</code></a> may throw an exception unless <code>json::error_handler_t::replace</code> or <code>json::error_handler_t::ignore</code> are used as error handlers.</li> </ul> <p>In most cases, the parser is right to complain, because the input is not <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 encoded. This is especially true for Microsoft Windows, where Latin-1 or <abbr title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr> 8859-1 is often the standard encoding.</p> <h3 id=wide-string-handling>Wide string handling<a class=headerlink href=#wide-string-handling title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Why are wide strings (e.g., <code>std::wstring</code>) dumped as arrays of numbers?</p> </div> <p>As described <a href=#parse-errors-reading-non-ascii-characters>above</a>, the library assumes <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 as encoding. To store a wide string, you need to change the encoding.</p> <div class="admonition example"> <p class=admonition-title>Example</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;codecvt&gt;</span><span class=c1> // codecvt_utf8</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;locale&gt;</span><span class=c1> // wstring_convert</span>
<span class=c1>// encoding function</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>to_utf8</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>wide_string</span><span class=p>)</span>
<span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=k>static</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring_convert</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>codecvt_utf8</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>wchar_t</span><span class=o>&gt;&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf8_conv</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=k>return</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf8_conv</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>to_bytes</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>wide_string</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
<span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ws</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>L</span><span class=s>&quot;車B1234 こんにちは&quot;</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>j</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>&quot;original&quot;</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ws</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>j</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>&quot;encoded&quot;</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>to_utf8</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ws</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>endl</span><span class=p>;</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>The result is:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=nt>&quot;encoded&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>&quot;車B1234 こんにちは&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=nt>&quot;original&quot;</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>36554</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>66</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>49</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>50</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>51</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>52</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>32</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12371</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12435</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12395</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12385</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>12399</span><span class=p>]</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> </div> <h2 id=exceptions>Exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=parsing-without-exceptions>Parsing without exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#parsing-without-exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Is it possible to indicate a parse error without throwing an exception?</p> </div> <p>Yes, see <a href=../../features/parsing/parse_exceptions/ >Parsing and exceptions</a>.</p> <h3 id=key-name-in-exceptions>Key name in exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#key-name-in-exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Can I get the key of the object item that caused an exception?</p> </div> <p>Yes, you can. Please define the symbol <a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostics/ ><code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> to get <a href=../exceptions/#extended-diagnostic-messages>extended diagnostics messages</a>.</p> <h2 id=serialization-issues>Serialization issues<a class=headerlink href=#serialization-issues title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=number-precision>Number precision<a class=headerlink href=#number-precision title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <ul> <li>It seems that precision is lost when serializing a double.</li> <li>Can I change the precision for floating-point serialization?</li> </ul> </div> <p>The library uses <code>std::numeric_limits&lt;number_float_t&gt;::digits10</code> (15 for <abbr title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> <code>double</code>s) digits for serialization. This value is sufficient to guarantee roundtripping. If one uses more than this number of digits of precision, then string -&gt; value -&gt; string is not guaranteed to round-trip.</p> <div class="admonition quote"> <p class=admonition-title><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/numeric_limits/digits10">cppreference.com</a></p> <p>The value of <code>std::numeric_limits&lt;T&gt;::digits10</code> is the number of base-10 digits that can be represented by the type T without change, that is, any number with this many significant decimal digits can be converted to a value of type T and back to decimal form, without change due to rounding or overflow. </p> </div> <div class="admonition tip"> <p class=admonition-title>Tip</p> <p>The website <a href="https://float.exposed">https://float.exposed</a> gives a good insight into the internal storage of floating-point numbers.</p> </div> <p>See <a href=../../features/types/number_handling/#number-serialization>this section</a> on the library's number handling for more information.</p> <h2 id=compilation-issues>Compilation issues<a class=headerlink href=#compilation-issues title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=android-sdk>Android <abbr title="Software Development Kit">SDK</abbr><a class=headerlink href=#android-sdk title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Question</p> <p>Why does the code not compile with Android <abbr title="Software Development Kit">SDK</abbr>?</p> </div> <p>Android defaults to using very old compilers and C++ libraries. To fix this, add the following to your <code>Application.mk</code>. This will switch to the LLVM C++ library, the Clang compiler, and enable C++11 and other features disabled by default.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=na>APP_STL</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=s>= c++_shared</span>
<span class=na>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=s>= clang3.6</span>
<span class=na>APP_CPPFLAGS +</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>-frtti -fexceptions</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>The code compiles successfully with <a href="https://developer.android.com/ndk/index.html?hl=ml">Android <abbr title="Native Development Kit">NDK</abbr></a>, Revision 9 - 11 (and possibly later) and <a href="https://www.crystax.net/en/android/ndk">CrystaX's Android <abbr title="Native Development Kit">NDK</abbr></a> version 10.</p> <h3 id=missing-stl-function>Missing <abbr title="Standard Template Library">STL</abbr> function<a class=headerlink href=#missing-stl-function title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition question"> <p class=admonition-title>Questions</p> <ul> <li>Why do I get a compilation error <code>'to_string' is not a member of 'std'</code> (or similarly, for <code>strtod</code> or <code>strtof</code>)?</li> <li>Why does the code not compile with MinGW or Android <abbr title="Software Development Kit">SDK</abbr>?</li> </ul> </div> <p>This is not an issue with the code, but rather with the compiler itself. On Android, see above to build with a newer environment. For MinGW, please refer to <a href="http://tehsausage.com/mingw-to-string">this site</a> and <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/136">this discussion</a> for information on how to fix this bug. For Android <abbr title="Native Development Kit">NDK</abbr> using <code>APP_STL := gnustl_static</code>, please refer to <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/219">this discussion</a>.</p> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="August 3, 2025 08:02:12 UTC">August 3, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 2013-2025 Niels Lohmann </div> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path fill=currentColor d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nielslohmann/" target="_blank" relLine truncated
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6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-search data-md-component=search Line truncated
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>key</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>&#39;:&#39;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>val</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>&#39;\n&#39;</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> #1388 #1391</p> </li> <li> <p>Added support for <strong>reading from <code>FILE*</code></strong> to support situations in which streams are nit available or would require too much RAM. #1370 #1392</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id=bug-fixes_6><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Bug Fixes<a class=headerlink href=#bug-fixes_6 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>The <code>eofbit</code> was not set for input streams when the end of a stream was reached while parsing. #1340 #1343</li> <li>Fixed a bug in the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> parser for <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr> arrays.</li> </ul> <h3 id=improvements_3><img alt="⚡" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/26a1.svg" title=":zap:"> Improvements<a class=headerlink href=#improvements_3 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>Added support for Clang 5.0.1 (PS4 version). #1341 #1342</li> </ul> <h3 id=further-changes_5><img alt="🔨" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f528.svg" title=":hammer:"> Further Changes<a class=headerlink href=#further-changes_5 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>Added a warning for implicit conversions to the documentation: It is not recommended to use implicit conversions when reading <strong>from</strong> a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value. Details about this recommendation can be found <a href="https://www.github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/958">here</a>. #1363</li> <li>Fixed typos in the documentation. #1329 #1380 #1382</li> <li>Fixed a C4800 warning. #1364</li> <li>Fixed a <code>-Wshadow</code> warning #1346</li> <li>Wrapped <code>std::snprintf</code> calls to avoid error in <abbr title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</abbr>. #1337</li> <li>Added code to allow installation via Meson. #1345</li> </ul> <h3 id=deprecated-functions_6><img alt="🔥" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f525.svg" title=":fire:"> Deprecated functions<a class=headerlink href=#deprecated-functions_6 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This release does not deprecate any functions. As an overview, the following functions have been deprecated in earlier versions and will be removed in the next major version (i.e., 4.0.0):</p> <ul> <li>Function <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_af1592a06bc63811886ade4f9d965045e.html#af1592a06bc63811886ade4f9d965045e"><code>iterator_wrapper</code></a> are deprecated. Please use the member function <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_afe3e137ace692efa08590d8df40f58dd.html#afe3e137ace692efa08590d8df40f58dd"><code>items()</code></a> instead.</li> <li>Functions <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_ab7285a92514fcdbe6de505ebaba92ea3.html#ab7285a92514fcdbe6de505ebaba92ea3"><code>friend std::istream&amp; operator&lt;&lt;(basic_json&amp;, std::istream&amp;)</code></a> and <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a9e06deabe69262c3ffc5533d32856983.html#a9e06deabe69262c3ffc5533d32856983"><code>friend std::ostream&amp; operator&gt;&gt;(const basic_json&amp;, std::ostream&amp;)</code></a> are deprecated. Please use <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_aaf363408931d76472ded14017e59c9e8.html#aaf363408931d76472ded14017e59c9e8"><code>friend std::istream&amp; operator&gt;&gt;(std::istream&amp;, basic_json&amp;)</code></a> and <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a5e34c5435e557d0bf666bd7311211405.html#a5e34c5435e557d0bf666bd7311211405"><code>friend operator&lt;&lt;(std::ostream&amp;, const basic_json&amp;)</code></a> instead.</li> </ul> <h2 id=v340>v3.4.0<a class=headerlink href=#v340 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition summary"> <p class=admonition-title>Files</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/include.zip">include.zip</a> (132 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/include.zip.asc">include.zip.asc</a> (1 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/json.hpp">json.hpp</a> (689 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/json.hpp.asc">json.hpp.asc</a> (1 KB)</li> </ul> </div> <p>Release date: 2018-10-30 <abbr title="Secure Hash Algorithm">SHA</abbr>-256: 63da6d1f22b2a7bb9e4ff7d6b255cf691a161ff49532dcc45d398a53e295835f (json.hpp), bfec46fc0cee01c509cf064d2254517e7fa80d1e7647fea37cf81d97c5682bdc (include.zip)</p> <h3 id=summary_7>Summary<a class=headerlink href=#summary_7 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This release introduces three new features:</p> <ul> <liLine truncated
</code></pre></div> <p>New code:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ss</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cb</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>If no callback function is used, also the following code works:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ss</span><span class=p>;</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>or</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>ss</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&gt;&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=v211>v2.1.1<a class=headerlink href=#v211 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition summary"> <p class=admonition-title>Files</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v2.1.1/json.hpp">json.hpp</a> (437 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v2.1.1/json.hpp.asc">json.hpp.asc</a> (1 KB)</li> </ul> </div> <p>Release date: 2017-02-25 <abbr title="Secure Hash Algorithm">SHA</abbr>-256: faa2321beb1aa7416d035e7417fcfa59692ac3d8c202728f9bcc302e2d558f57</p> <h3 id=summary_15>Summary<a class=headerlink href=#summary_15 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This release <strong>fixes a locale-related bug in the parser</strong>. To do so, the whole number handling (lexer, parser, and also the serialization) have been overworked. Furthermore, a lot of small changes added up that were added to this release. All changes are backward-compatible.</p> <h3 id=changes_1>Changes<a class=headerlink href=#changes_1 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Locales that have a different character than <code>.</code> as decimal separator (e.g., the Norwegian locale <code>nb_NO.UTF-8</code>) led to truncated number parsing or parse errors. The library now has been fixed to work with <strong>any locale</strong>. Note that <code>.</code> is still the only valid decimal separator for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> input.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Numbers like <code>1.0</code> were correctly parsed as floating-point number, but serialized as integer (<code>1</code>). Now, <strong>floating-point numbers correctly round trip</strong>.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Parsing incorrect <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> numbers with leading 0 (<code>0123</code>) could yield a <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/452">buffer overflow</a>. This is fixed now by detecting such errors directly by the lexer.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Constructing a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value from a pointer was incorrectly interpreted as a Boolean; such code will now yield a compiler error.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Comparing a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> number with <code>0</code> led to a comparison with <code>null</code>. This is fixed now.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> All throw calls are now wrapped in macros.</li> <li><img alt="🔒" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f512.svg" title=":lock:"> Starting during the preparation of this release (since 8 February 2017), commits and released files are <strong>cryptographically signed</strong> with <a href="https://keybase.io/nlohmann/pgp_keys.asc?fingerprint=797167ae41c0a6d9232e48457f3cea63ae251b69">this GPG key</a>. Previous releases have also been signed.</li> <li><img alt="✨" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/2728.svg" title=":sparkles:"> The parser for MessagePack and <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> now supports an optional start index parameter to define a byte offset for the parser.</li> <li><img alt="🚨" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f6a8.svg" title=":rotating_light:"> Some more warnings have been fixed. With Clang, the code compiles <strong>without warnings</strong> with <code>-Weverything</code> (well, it needs <code>-Wno-documentation-unknown-command</code> and <code>-Wno-deprecated-declarations</code>, but you get the point).</li> <li><img alt="🔨" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f528.svg" title=":hammer:"> The code can be compiled easier with many Android NDKs by avoiding macros like <code>UINT8_MAX</code> which previously required defining a preprocessor macro for compilation.</li> <li><img alt="⚡" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/26a1.svg" title=":zap:"> The unit tests now compile two times faster.</li> <li><img alt="➕" class="twemoji" src="../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/2795.svg"Line truncated
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<span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>key</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>&#39;:&#39;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>val</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>&#39;\n&#39;</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> #1388 #1391</p> </li> <li> <p>Added support for <strong>reading from <code>FILE*</code></strong> to support situations in which streams are nit available or would require too much RAM. #1370 #1392</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id=bug-fixes_6><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Bug Fixes<a class=headerlink href=#bug-fixes_6 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>The <code>eofbit</code> was not set for input streams when the end of a stream was reached while parsing. #1340 #1343</li> <li>Fixed a bug in the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> parser for <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr> arrays.</li> </ul> <h3 id=improvements_3><img alt="⚡" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/26a1.svg" title=":zap:"> Improvements<a class=headerlink href=#improvements_3 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>Added support for Clang 5.0.1 (PS4 version). #1341 #1342</li> </ul> <h3 id=further-changes_5><img alt="🔨" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f528.svg" title=":hammer:"> Further Changes<a class=headerlink href=#further-changes_5 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>Added a warning for implicit conversions to the documentation: It is not recommended to use implicit conversions when reading <strong>from</strong> a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value. Details about this recommendation can be found <a href="https://www.github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/958">here</a>. #1363</li> <li>Fixed typos in the documentation. #1329 #1380 #1382</li> <li>Fixed a C4800 warning. #1364</li> <li>Fixed a <code>-Wshadow</code> warning #1346</li> <li>Wrapped <code>std::snprintf</code> calls to avoid error in <abbr title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</abbr>. #1337</li> <li>Added code to allow installation via Meson. #1345</li> </ul> <h3 id=deprecated-functions_6><img alt="🔥" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f525.svg" title=":fire:"> Deprecated functions<a class=headerlink href=#deprecated-functions_6 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This release does not deprecate any functions. As an overview, the following functions have been deprecated in earlier versions and will be removed in the next major version (i.e., 4.0.0):</p> <ul> <li>Function <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_af1592a06bc63811886ade4f9d965045e.html#af1592a06bc63811886ade4f9d965045e"><code>iterator_wrapper</code></a> are deprecated. Please use the member function <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_afe3e137ace692efa08590d8df40f58dd.html#afe3e137ace692efa08590d8df40f58dd"><code>items()</code></a> instead.</li> <li>Functions <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_ab7285a92514fcdbe6de505ebaba92ea3.html#ab7285a92514fcdbe6de505ebaba92ea3"><code>friend std::istream&amp; operator&lt;&lt;(basic_json&amp;, std::istream&amp;)</code></a> and <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a9e06deabe69262c3ffc5533d32856983.html#a9e06deabe69262c3ffc5533d32856983"><code>friend std::ostream&amp; operator&gt;&gt;(const basic_json&amp;, std::ostream&amp;)</code></a> are deprecated. Please use <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_aaf363408931d76472ded14017e59c9e8.html#aaf363408931d76472ded14017e59c9e8"><code>friend std::istream&amp; operator&gt;&gt;(std::istream&amp;, basic_json&amp;)</code></a> and <a href="http://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/classnlohmann_1_1basic__json_a5e34c5435e557d0bf666bd7311211405.html#a5e34c5435e557d0bf666bd7311211405"><code>friend operator&lt;&lt;(std::ostream&amp;, const basic_json&amp;)</code></a> instead.</li> </ul> <h2 id=v340>v3.4.0<a class=headerlink href=#v340 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition summary"> <p class=admonition-title>Files</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/include.zip">include.zip</a> (132 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/include.zip.asc">include.zip.asc</a> (1 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/json.hpp">json.hpp</a> (689 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.4.0/json.hpp.asc">json.hpp.asc</a> (1 KB)</li> </ul> </div> <p>Release date: 2018-10-30 <abbr title="Secure Hash Algorithm">SHA</abbr>-256: 63da6d1f22b2a7bb9e4ff7d6b255cf691a161ff49532dcc45d398a53e295835f (json.hpp), bfec46fc0cee01c509cf064d2254517e7fa80d1e7647fea37cf81d97c5682bdc (include.zip)</p> <h3 id=summary_7>Summary<a class=headerlink href=#summary_7 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This release introduces three new features:<Line truncated
</code></pre></div> <p>New code:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ss</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cb</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>If no callback function is used, also the following code works:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ss</span><span class=p>;</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>or</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=n>ss</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&gt;&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span>
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=v211>v2.1.1<a class=headerlink href=#v211 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition summary"> <p class=admonition-title>Files</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v2.1.1/json.hpp">json.hpp</a> (437 KB)</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v2.1.1/json.hpp.asc">json.hpp.asc</a> (1 KB)</li> </ul> </div> <p>Release date: 2017-02-25 <abbr title="Secure Hash Algorithm">SHA</abbr>-256: faa2321beb1aa7416d035e7417fcfa59692ac3d8c202728f9bcc302e2d558f57</p> <h3 id=summary_15>Summary<a class=headerlink href=#summary_15 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>This release <strong>fixes a locale-related bug in the parser</strong>. To do so, the whole number handling (lexer, parser, and also the serialization) have been overworked. Furthermore, a lot of small changes added up that were added to this release. All changes are backward-compatible.</p> <h3 id=changes_1>Changes<a class=headerlink href=#changes_1 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Locales that have a different character than <code>.</code> as decimal separator (e.g., the Norwegian locale <code>nb_NO.UTF-8</code>) led to truncated number parsing or parse errors. The library now has been fixed to work with <strong>any locale</strong>. Note that <code>.</code> is still the only valid decimal separator for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> input.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Numbers like <code>1.0</code> were correctly parsed as floating-point number, but serialized as integer (<code>1</code>). Now, <strong>floating-point numbers correctly round trip</strong>.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Parsing incorrect <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> numbers with leading 0 (<code>0123</code>) could yield a <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/452">buffer overflow</a>. This is fixed now by detecting such errors directly by the lexer.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Constructing a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value from a pointer was incorrectly interpreted as a Boolean; such code will now yield a compiler error.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> Comparing a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> number with <code>0</code> led to a comparison with <code>null</code>. This is fixed now.</li> <li><img alt="🐛" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f41b.svg" title=":bug:"> All throw calls are now wrapped in macros.</li> <li><img alt="🔒" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f512.svg" title=":lock:"> Starting during the preparation of this release (since 8 February 2017), commits and released files are <strong>cryptographically signed</strong> with <a href="https://keybase.io/nlohmann/pgp_keys.asc?fingerprint=797167ae41c0a6d9232e48457f3cea63ae251b69">this GPG key</a>. Previous releases have also been signed.</li> <li><img alt="✨" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/2728.svg" title=":sparkles:"> The parser for MessagePack and <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> now supports an optional start index parameter to define a byte offset for the parser.</li> <li><img alt="🚨" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f6a8.svg" title=":rotating_light:"> Some more warnings have been fixed. With Clang, the code compiles <strong>without warnings</strong> with <code>-Weverything</code> (well, it needs <code>-Wno-documentation-unknown-command</code> and <code>-Wno-deprecated-declarations</code>, but you get the point).</li> <li><img alt="🔨" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/1f528.svg" title=":hammer:"> The code can be compiled easier with many Android NDKs by avoiding macros like <code>UINT8_MAX</code> which previously required defining a preprocessor macro for compilation.</li> <li><img alt="⚡" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/26a1.svg" title=":zap:"> The unit tests now compile two times faster.</li> <li><img alt="➕" class="twemoji" src="../../assets/external/cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdeckedLine truncated
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