deploy: cc917d7123

2026-10-25 12:04:42 +00:00 · 2026-10-25 05:19:48 +00:00
1 parent 39c2507b2a
commit 41c601a7d1
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ Checks whether the input is valid JSON.
    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
    the iterator type with `operator!=`.
    
+    Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its
+    low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all make this function return `false`.
+
 Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid JSON input
 (i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.

@@ -35,9 +38,12 @@ Unlike the [`parse()`](parse.md) function, this function neither throws an excep
    - a `#!c FILE` pointer (throws if null)
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
-    - a `std::string`
+    - a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+    - wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+      (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+      null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -168,6 +174,40 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
    
    ```

+??? example "Example: (3) reading from UTF-16 strings"
+
+    The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input. String literals like `u"..."`, `U"..."`, and
+    `L"..."` work as well.
+
+    ```cpp
+    #include <iostream>
+    #include <string>
+    #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+    
+    using json = nlohmann::json;
+    
+    int main()
+    {
+        // a valid JSON text, given as UTF-16
+        const std::u16string valid_text = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    
+        // an invalid JSON text, given as UTF-16
+        const std::u16string invalid_text = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\",}";
+    
+        std::cout << std::boolalpha
+                  << json::accept(valid_text) << ' '
+                  << json::accept(invalid_text) << '\n';
+    }
+    
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    true false
+    
+    ```
+
 ## See also

 - [parse](parse.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
@@ -194,6 +234,9 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md)).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md)).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected in version 3.13.0; before that, some such sequences were accepted or
+  ended the input silently.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 <span class=k>static</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>IteratorType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>first</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>SentinelType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>last</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>                   </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ignore_comments</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>false</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>                   </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ignore_trailing_commas</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>false</span><span class=p>);</span>
-</code></pre></div> <p>Checks whether the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>.</p> <ol> <li>Reads from a compatible input.</li> <li> <p>Reads from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)</p> <p>The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32. If <code>SentinelType</code> differs from <code>IteratorType</code>, it must be comparable to the iterator type with <code>operator!=</code>.</p> </li> </ol> <p>Unlike the <a href=../parse/ ><code>parse()</code></a> function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> input (i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.</p> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>InputType</code></dt> <dd> <p>A compatible input, for instance:</p> <ul> <li>an <code>std::istream</code> object</li> <li>a <code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span></code> pointer (throws if null)</li> <li>a C-style array of characters</li> <li>a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)</li> <li>a <code>std::string</code></li> <li>a container <code>obj</code> for which <code>begin(obj)</code> and <code>end(obj)</code> produce a valid pair of iterators (as found via <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> or member functions, with semantics compatible to <code>std::begin</code> and <code>std::end</code>)</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>IteratorType</code></dt> <dd> <p>a compatible iterator type, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a pair of <code>std::string::iterator</code> or <code>std::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;::iterator</code></li> <li>a pair of pointers such as <code>ptr</code> and <code>ptr + len</code></li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>SentinelType</code></dt> <dd> <p>defaults to <code>IteratorType</code>; may be a different type comparable to <code>IteratorType</code> via <code>operator!=</code>, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges</li> <li><code>std::default_sentinel_t</code>, when <code>IteratorType</code> is <code>std::counted_iterator</code></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>i</code> (in)</dt> <dd>Input to parse from.</dd> <dt><code>ignore_comments</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether comments should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether trailing commas in arrays or objects should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>first</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the start of the character range</dd> <dt><code>last</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the end of the character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with <code>operator!=</code></dd> </dl> <h2 id=return-value>Return value<a class=headerlink href=#return-value title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Whether the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>.</p> <h2 id=exception-safety>Exception safety<a class=headerlink href=#exception-safety title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value.</p> <h2 id=exceptions>Exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Throws <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionparse_error101><code>parse_error.101</code></a> in case of an empty input like a null <code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span><span class=o>*</span></code> or <code class=highlight><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>*</span></code> pointer.</p> <h2 id=complexity>Complexity<a class=headerlink href=#complexity title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive LL(1) parser.</p> <h2 id=notes>Notes<a class=headerlink href=#notes title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>A <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.</p> <p>By default, a <code>'\0'</code> (NUL) byte anywhere in the input is treated aLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> <p>Checks whether the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>.</p> <ol> <li>Reads from a compatible input.</li> <li> <p>Reads from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)</p> <p>The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32. If <code>SentinelType</code> differs from <code>IteratorType</code>, it must be comparable to the iterator type with <code>operator!=</code>.</p> <p>Ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above <code>U+10FFFF</code> all make this function return <code>false</code>.</p> </li> </ol> <p>Unlike the <a href=../parse/ ><code>parse()</code></a> function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> input (i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.</p> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>InputType</code></dt> <dd> <p>A compatible input, for instance:</p> <ul> <li>an <code>std::istream</code> object</li> <li>a <code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span></code> pointer (throws if null)</li> <li>a C-style array of characters</li> <li>a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)</li> <li>a <code>std::string</code> or a <code>std::string_view</code> (C++17)</li> <li>a container <code>obj</code> for which <code>begin(obj)</code> and <code>end(obj)</code> produce a valid pair of iterators (as found via <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> or member functions, with semantics compatible to <code>std::begin</code> and <code>std::end</code>)</li> <li>wide characters (<code>wchar_t</code>, <code>char16_t</code>, <code>char32_t</code>), which are converted to <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8: a wide string object (<code>std::wstring</code>, <code>std::u16string</code>, <code>std::u32string</code>) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a null-terminated wide string (e.g. <code>std::u16string::c_str()</code>) is not supported</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>IteratorType</code></dt> <dd> <p>a compatible iterator type, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a pair of <code>std::string::iterator</code> or <code>std::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;::iterator</code></li> <li>a pair of pointers such as <code>ptr</code> and <code>ptr + len</code></li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>SentinelType</code></dt> <dd> <p>defaults to <code>IteratorType</code>; may be a different type comparable to <code>IteratorType</code> via <code>operator!=</code>, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges</li> <li><code>std::default_sentinel_t</code>, when <code>IteratorType</code> is <code>std::counted_iterator</code></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>i</code> (in)</dt> <dd>Input to parse from.</dd> <dt><code>ignore_comments</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether comments should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether trailing commas in arrays or objects should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>first</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the start of the character range</dd> <dt><code>last</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the end of the character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with <code>operator!=</code></dd> </dl> <h2 id=return-value>Return value<a class=headerlink href=#return-value title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Whether the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>.</p> <h2 id=exception-safety>Exception safety<a class=headerlink href=#exception-safety title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value.</p> <h2 id=exceptions>Exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#exceptions title=Line truncated
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>

@@ -52,4 +52,23 @@
 <span class=w>              </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>begin</span><span class=p>(),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>input</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>end</span><span class=p>())</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span><span class=p>;</span>
 <span class=p>}</span>
 </code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=kc>true</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kc>false</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../parse/ >parse</a> - deserialize from a compatible input</li> <li><a href=../sax_parse/ >sax_parse</a> - parse input using the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</li> <li><a href=../../operator_gtgt/ >operator&gt;&gt;</a> - deserialize from stream</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_strict_nul_handling/ ><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code></a> - opt in to rejecting a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - read a <code>std::istream</code> one character at a time</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> - read a <code>FILE*</code> with the locking stdio functions</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 3.0.0.</li> <li>Ignoring comments via <code>ignore_comments</code> added in version 3.9.0.</li> <li>Changed <a href=../../../features/assertions/ >runtime assertion</a> in case of <code>FILE*</code> null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.</li> <li>Added <code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> <code>begin</code>/<code>end</code> (matching <code>std::begin</code>/<code>std::end</code> semantics) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code> added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to optionally reject a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.</li> <li>Parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a>).</li> <li>Parsing from a <code>FILE*</code> locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a>).</li> </ul> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Deprecation</p> <p>Overload (2) replaces calls to <code>accept</code> with a pair of iterators as their first parameter which has been deprecated in version 3.8.0. This overload will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all calls like <code class=highlight><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>({</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>},</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code> with <code class=highlight><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code>.</p> <p>You should be warned by your compiler with a <code>-Wdeprecated-declarations</code> warning if you are using a deprecated function.</p> <p>See the <a href=../../../integration/migration_guide/#parsing>migration guide</a> for how to update existing code.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 19, 2026 20:00:58 UTC">October 19, 2026</sLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> <details class=example> <summary>Example: (3) reading from <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 strings</summary> <p>The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input. String literals like <code>u"..."</code>, <code>U"..."</code>, and <code>L"..."</code> work as well.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
+<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;string&gt;</span>
+<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
+
+<span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>main</span><span class=p>()</span>
+<span class=p>{</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// a valid JSON text, given as UTF-16</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>u16string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>valid_text</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>u</span><span class=s>"{</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>name</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>:</span><span class=se>\"\u00e9\"</span><span class=s>}"</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// an invalid JSON text, given as UTF-16</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>u16string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>invalid_text</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>u</span><span class=s>"{</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>name</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>:</span><span class=se>\"\u00e9\"</span><span class=s>,}"</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>boolalpha</span>
+<span class=w>              </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>valid_text</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>' '</span>
+<span class=w>              </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>invalid_text</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span><span class=p>;</span>
+<span class=p>}</span>
+</code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=kc>true</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kc>false</span>
+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../parse/ >parse</a> - deserialize from a compatible input</li> <li><a href=../sax_parse/ >sax_parse</a> - parse input using the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</li> <li><a href=../../operator_gtgt/ >operator&gt;&gt;</a> - deserialize from stream</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_strict_nul_handling/ ><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code></a> - opt in to rejecting a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - read a <code>std::istream</code> one character at a time</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> - read a <code>FILE*</code> with the locking stdio functions</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 3.0.0.</li> <li>Ignoring comments via <code>ignore_comments</code> added in version 3.9.0.</li> <li>Changed <a href=../../../features/assertions/ >runtime assertion</a> in case of <code>FILE*</code> null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.</li> <li>Added <code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> <code>begin</code>/<code>end</code> (matching <code>std::begin</code>/<code>std::end</code> semantics) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code> added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to optionally reject a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.</li> <li>Parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a>).</li> <li>Parsing from a <code>FILE*</code> locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a>).</li> <li>Ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or a code point above <code>U+10FFFF</code>) is rejected in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>; before that, some such sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Deprecation</p> <p>Overload (2) replaces calls to <code>accept</code> with a pair of iterators as their first parameter which has been deprecated in version 3.8.0. This overload will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all calls like <code class=highlight><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>({</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>},</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code> with <code class=highlight><span class=n>accept</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code>.</p> <p>You should be warned by your compiler with a <code>-Wdeprecated-declarations</code> warning if you are using a deprecated function.</p> <p>See the <a href=../../../integration/migration_guide/#parsing>migration guide</a> for how to update existing code.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="Line truncated
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ Checks whether the input is valid JSON.

   The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+   Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all make this function return `false`.
+
 Unlike the [`parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) function, this function neither throws an exception in case of invalid JSON input (i.e., a parse error) nor creates diagnostic information.

 ## Template parameters
@@ -33,9 +35,12 @@ Unlike the [`parse()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) f
 - a `FILE` pointer (throws if null)
 - a C-style array of characters
 - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
- a `std::string`
+- a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
 - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
  (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+- wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+  (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+  null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported
 ```

 `IteratorType` : a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -155,6 +160,37 @@ Output:
 true false
 ```

+Example: (3) reading from UTF-16 strings
+
+The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input. String literals like `u"..."`, `U"..."`, and `L"..."` work as well.
+
+```
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // a valid JSON text, given as UTF-16
+    const std::u16string valid_text = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+
+    // an invalid JSON text, given as UTF-16
+    const std::u16string invalid_text = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\",}";
+
+    std::cout << std::boolalpha
+              << json::accept(valid_text) << ' '
+              << json::accept(invalid_text) << '\n';
+}
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+true false
+```
+
 ## See also

 - [parse](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/parse/index.md) - deserialize from a compatible input
@@ -175,6 +211,7 @@ true false
 - `JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING` added in version 3.13.0 unreleased to optionally reject a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.
 - Parsing from an `std::istream` scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 unreleased ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/index.md)).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 unreleased ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/index.md)).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected in version 3.13.0 unreleased; before that, some such sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 Deprecation

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/" rel="canonical"><link href=../../integration/compile_times/ rel=prev><link href=basic_json/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>Overview - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new 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6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg> </label> <div claLine truncated
+<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/" rel="canonical"><link href=../../integration/compile_times/ rel=prev><link href=basic_json/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>Overview - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#nlohmannbasic_json class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title="JSON for Modern C++" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="JSON for Modern C++" data-md-component=logo> <svg 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 <span class=w>    </span><span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>U</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>V</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=p>...</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Args</span><span class=o>&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>ObjectType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>map</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=k>template</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>U</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=p>...</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>Args</span><span class=o>&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>ArrayType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>StringType</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=p>,</span>
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>CustomBaseClass</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>void</span>
 <span class=o>&gt;</span>
 <span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>basic_json</span><span class=p>;</span>
-</code></pre></div> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Template parameter</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Derived type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>ObjectType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> objects</td> <td><a href=object_t/ ><code>object_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ArrayType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> arrays</td> <td><a href=array_t/ ><code>array_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>StringType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> strings and object keys</td> <td><a href=string_t/ ><code>string_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>BooleanType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> booleans</td> <td><a href=boolean_t/ ><code>boolean_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NumberIntegerType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> integer numbers</td> <td><a href=number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NumberUnsignedType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> unsigned integer numbers</td> <td><a href=number_unsigned_t/ ><code>number_unsigned_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NumberFloatType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> floating-point numbers</td> <td><a href=number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>AllocatorType</code></td> <td>type of the allocator to use</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>JSONSerializer</code></td> <td>the serializer to resolve internal calls to <code>to_json()</code> and <code>from_json()</code></td> <td><a href=json_serializer/ ><code>json_serializer</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>BinaryType</code></td> <td>type for binary arrays</td> <td><a href=binary_t/ ><code>binary_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>CustomBaseClass</code></td> <td>extension point for user code</td> <td><a href=json_base_class_t/ ><code>json_base_class_t</code></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The library imposes a number of requirements on these types that are not expressed as C++ concepts, such as the container operations <code>object_t</code> and <code>array_t</code> must provide, or the fact that <code>StringType</code> must be <code>char</code>-based. They are collected in <a href=../../features/types/template_parameters/ >Template Parameter Requirements</a>.</p> <h2 id=specializations>Specializations<a class=headerlink href=#specializations title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../json/ ><strong>json</strong></a> - default specialization</li> <li><a href=../ordered_json/ ><strong>ordered_json</strong></a> - a specialization that maintains the insertion order of object keys</li> </ul> <h2 id=iterator-invalidation>Iterator invalidation<a class=headerlink href=#iterator-invalidation title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>All operations that add values to an <strong>array</strong> (<a href=push_back/ ><code>push_back</code></a> , <a href=operator%2B%3D/ ><code>operator+=</code></a>, <a href=emplace_back/ ><code>emplace_back</code></a>, <a href=insert/ ><code>insert</code></a>, and <a href=operator%5B%5D/ ><code>operator[]</code></a> for a non-existing index) can yield a reallocation, in which case all iterators (including the <a href=end/ ><code>end()</code></a> iterator) and all references to the elements are invalidated.</p> <p>For <a href=../ordered_json/ ><code>ordered_json</code></a>, also all operations that add a value to an <strong>object</strong> (<a href=push_back/ ><code>push_back</code></a>, <a href=operator%2B%3D/ ><code>operator+=</code></a>, <a href=emplace/ ><code>emplace</code></a>, <a href=insert/ ><code>insert</code></a>, <a href=update/ ><code>update</code></a>, and <a href=operator%5B%5D/ ><code>operator[]</code></a> for a non-existing key) can yield a reallocation, in which case all iterators (including the <a href=end/ ><code>end()</code></a> iterator) and all references to the elements are invalidated.</p> <h2 id=requirements>Requirements<a class=headerlink href=#requirements title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The class satisfies the following concept requirements:</p> <h3 id=basic>Basic<a class=headerlink href=#basic title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible">DefaultConstructible</a>: <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values can be default-constructed. The result will be a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> null value.</li> <li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible">MoveConstructible</a>: A <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value can be constructed from an rvalue arLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Template parameter</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Derived type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>ObjectType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> objects</td> <td><a href=object_t/ ><code>object_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ArrayType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> arrays</td> <td><a href=array_t/ ><code>array_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>StringType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> strings and object keys</td> <td><a href=string_t/ ><code>string_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>BooleanType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> booleans</td> <td><a href=boolean_t/ ><code>boolean_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NumberIntegerType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> integer numbers</td> <td><a href=number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NumberUnsignedType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> unsigned integer numbers</td> <td><a href=number_unsigned_t/ ><code>number_unsigned_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NumberFloatType</code></td> <td>type for <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> floating-point numbers</td> <td><a href=number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>AllocatorType</code></td> <td>type of the allocator to use</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>JSONSerializer</code></td> <td>the serializer to resolve internal calls to <code>to_json()</code> and <code>from_json()</code></td> <td><a href=json_serializer/ ><code>json_serializer</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>BinaryType</code></td> <td>type for binary arrays</td> <td><a href=binary_t/ ><code>binary_t</code></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>CustomBaseClass</code></td> <td>extension point for user code</td> <td><a href=json_base_class_t/ ><code>json_base_class_t</code></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The library imposes a number of requirements on these types that are not expressed as C++ concepts, such as the container operations <code>object_t</code> and <code>array_t</code> must provide, or the fact that <code>StringType</code> must be <code>char</code>-based. They are collected in <a href=../../features/types/template_parameters/ >Template Parameter Requirements</a>.</p> <h2 id=specializations>Specializations<a class=headerlink href=#specializations title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../json/ ><strong>json</strong></a> - default specialization</li> <li><a href=../ordered_json/ ><strong>ordered_json</strong></a> - a specialization that maintains the insertion order of object keys</li> </ul> <h2 id=documents-and-views>Documents and views<a class=headerlink href=#documents-and-views title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Besides <code>basic_json</code>, the library offers a second way to hold a parsed <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text: a <a href=../basic_json_document/ ><code>basic_json_document</code></a>, which owns or borrows the text and holds a flat index of the values in it, and a <a href=../basic_json_view/ ><code>basic_json_view</code></a>, a read-only handle to one value of such a document. Both are defined in the header <code>&lt;nlohmann/json_view.hpp&gt;</code>; see <a href=../../features/json_view/ >Zero-copy <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> views</a> for the concept and the trade-offs.</p> <ul> <li><a href=../json_document/ ><strong>json_document</strong></a> / <a href=../ordered_json_document/ ><strong>ordered_json_document</strong></a> - read-only documents of the <code>basic_json</code> specialization they belong to</li> <li><a href=../json_editable_document/ ><strong>json_editable_document</strong></a> / <a href=../ordered_json_editable_document/ ><strong>ordered_json_editable_document</strong></a> - documents that can be modified in place</li> <li><a href=../json_view/ ><strong>json_view</strong></a> / <a href=../ordered_json_view/ ><strong>ordered_json_view</strong></a> - views of a document</li> <li><a href=../json_editable_view/ ><strong>json_editable_view</strong></a> / <a href=../ordered_json_editable_view/ ><strong>ordered_json_editable_view</strong></a> - views of an editable document</li> </ul> <h2 id=iterator-invalidation>Iterator invalidation<a class=headerlink href=#iterator-invalidation title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>All operations that add values to an <strong>array</strong> (<a href=push_back/ ><code>push_back</code></a> , <a href=operator%2B%3D/ ><code>operator+=</code></a>, <a href=emplace_back/ ><code>emplace_back</code></a>, <a href=insert/ ><code>insert</code></a>, and <a hrefLine truncated
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>

@@ -78,4 +78,4 @@
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=nt>"pi"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>3.141</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=nt>"size"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>8</span>
 <span class=p>}</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259: The JavaScript Object Notation (<abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>) Data Interchange Format</a></li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 1.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 14, 2026 15:40:55 UTC">October 14, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259: The JavaScript Object Notation (<abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>) Data Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href=../basic_json_document/ >basic_json_document</a> / <a href=../basic_json_view/ >basic_json_view</a> - parse a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text into a flat index and read it through a view</li> <li><a href=../../features/json_view/ >Zero-copy <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> views</a> - when to use a document and a view instead of a <code>basic_json</code></li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 1.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 25, 2026 05:18:07 UTC">October 25, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann </div> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nielslohmann/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="www.linkedin.com" class="md-social__link"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3M135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zM102.2 96a38.5 3Line truncated
@@ -42,6 +42,15 @@ The library imposes a number of requirements on these types that are not express
 - [**json**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json/index.md) - default specialization
 - [**ordered_json**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json/index.md) - a specialization that maintains the insertion order of object keys

+## Documents and views
+
+Besides `basic_json`, the library offers a second way to hold a parsed JSON text: a [`basic_json_document`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/index.md), which owns or borrows the text and holds a flat index of the values in it, and a [`basic_json_view`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/index.md), a read-only handle to one value of such a document. Both are defined in the header `<nlohmann/json_view.hpp>`; see [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/index.md) for the concept and the trade-offs.
+
+- [**json_document**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_document/index.md) / [**ordered_json_document**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json_document/index.md) - read-only documents of the `basic_json` specialization they belong to
+- [**json_editable_document**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_editable_document/index.md) / [**ordered_json_editable_document**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json_editable_document/index.md) - documents that can be modified in place
+- [**json_view**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_view/index.md) / [**ordered_json_view**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json_view/index.md) - views of a document
+- [**json_editable_view**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_editable_view/index.md) / [**ordered_json_editable_view**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_json_editable_view/index.md) - views of an editable document
+
 ## Iterator invalidation

 All operations that add values to an **array** ([`push_back`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/push_back/index.md) , [`operator+=`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%2B%3D/index.md), [`emplace_back`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/emplace_back/index.md), [`insert`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/insert/index.md), and [`operator[]`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/index.md) for a non-existing index) can yield a reallocation, in which case all iterators (including the [`end()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/end/index.md) iterator) and all references to the elements are invalidated.
@@ -384,6 +393,8 @@ Output:
 ## See also

 - [RFC 8259: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259)
+- [basic_json_document](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/index.md) / [basic_json_view](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_view/index.md) - parse a JSON text into a flat index and read it through a view
+- [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/index.md) - when to use a document and a view instead of a `basic_json`

 ## Version history

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
    the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+    Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its
+    low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a
+    [`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 ## Template parameters

 `InputType`
@@ -34,9 +38,12 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
    - a `FILE` pointer (throws if null)
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
-    - a `std::string`
+    - a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+    - wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+      (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+      null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -112,6 +119,13 @@ By default, a `'\0'` (NUL) byte anywhere in the input is treated as end of input
 outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-bytes-in-the-input) for details and the
 [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](../macros/json_strict_nul_handling.md) macro to opt into rejecting it instead.

+!!! tip "Parsing into a document instead of a value"
+
+    [`basic_json_document::parse`](../basic_json_document/parse.md) accepts the same inputs and the same options, but
+    keeps the result as a flat index of the parsed values instead of a tree of `basic_json` values. It is faster and uses
+    less memory when only parts of the document are read, and it also accepts a pointer to a null-terminated wide string,
+    which `parse()` does not. See [Zero-copy JSON views](../../features/json_view.md).
+
 !!! tip "Performance"

    Contiguous inputs (strings, string views, vectors, arrays, pointer ranges) are the fastest to parse. A
@@ -665,6 +679,55 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
    
    ```

+??? example "Example: parse from UTF-16, UTF-32, and wide strings"
+
+    The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input; `std::u16string` and `std::u32string` are interpreted
+    as UTF-16 and UTF-32, and `std::wstring` uses the platform's `wchar_t` width. String literals like `u"..."`,
+    `U"..."`, and `L"..."` work as well, as do iterators over wide characters.
+
+    ```cpp
+    #include <iostream>
+    #include <string>
+    #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+    
+    using json = nlohmann::json;
+    
+    int main()
+    {
+        // the same JSON text, given in different encodings
+        const std::string utf8 = "{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+        const std::u16string utf16 = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+        const std::u32string utf32 = U"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+        const std::wstring wide = L"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    
+        // the encoding is deduced from the character type of the input, and all
+        // of them yield the same value
+        std::cout << json::parse(utf8) << '\n'
+                  << json::parse(utf16) << '\n'
+                  << json::parse(utf32) << '\n'
+                  << json::parse(wide) << '\n';
+    
+        // a wide string literal works as well: u"..." is UTF-16, U"..." is UTF-32
+        std::cout << json::parse(u"[1, 2, 3]") << '\n';
+    
+        // iterators over wide characters work as well
+        std::cout << json::parse(utf16.begin(), utf16.end()) << '\n';
+    }
+    
+    ```
+
+    Output:
+
+    ```json
+    {"name":"é"}
+    {"name":"é"}
+    {"name":"é"}
+    {"name":"é"}
+    [1,2,3]
+    {"name":"é"}
+    
+    ```
+
 ## See also

 - [accept](accept.md) - check if the input is valid JSON
@@ -695,6 +758,9 @@ outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](../../home/faq.md#nul-by
  time).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md) restores `std::fgetc`).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101` in version 3.13.0; before that, some such
+  sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 <span class=w>                        </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>allow_exceptions</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>true</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>                        </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ignore_comments</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>false</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>                        </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ignore_trailing_commas</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>false</span><span class=p>);</span>
-</code></pre></div> <ol> <li>Deserialize from a compatible input.</li> <li> <p>Deserialize from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)</p> <p>The <code>value_type</code> of the iterator must be an integral type with size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32. If <code>SentinelType</code> differs from <code>IteratorType</code>, it must be comparable to the iterator type with <code>operator!=</code>.</p> </li> </ol> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>InputType</code></dt> <dd> <p>A compatible input, for instance:</p> <ul> <li>an <code>std::istream</code> object</li> <li>a <code>FILE</code> pointer (throws if null)</li> <li>a C-style array of characters</li> <li>a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)</li> <li>a <code>std::string</code></li> <li>a container <code>obj</code> for which <code>begin(obj)</code> and <code>end(obj)</code> produce a valid pair of iterators (as found via <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> or member functions, with semantics compatible to <code>std::begin</code> and <code>std::end</code>)</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>IteratorType</code></dt> <dd> <p>a compatible iterator type, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a pair of <code>std::string::iterator</code> or <code>std::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;::iterator</code></li> <li>a pair of pointers such as <code>ptr</code> and <code>ptr + len</code></li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>SentinelType</code></dt> <dd> <p>defaults to <code>IteratorType</code>; may be a different type comparable to <code>IteratorType</code> via <code>operator!=</code>, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges</li> <li><code>std::default_sentinel_t</code>, when <code>IteratorType</code> is <code>std::counted_iterator</code></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>i</code> (in)</dt> <dd>Input to parse from.</dd> <dt><code>cb</code> (in)</dt> <dd>a parser callback function of type <a href=../parser_callback_t/ ><code>parser_callback_t</code></a> which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values (optional)</dd> <dt><code>allow_exceptions</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether to throw exceptions in case of a parse error (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_comments</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether comments should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether trailing commas in arrays or objects should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>first</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the start of a character range</dd> <dt><code>last</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the end of a character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with <code>operator!=</code></dd> </dl> <h2 id=return-value>Return value<a class=headerlink href=#return-value title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Deserialized <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value; in case of a parse error and <code>allow_exceptions</code> set to <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>, the return value will be <code>value_t::discarded</code>. The latter can be checked with <a href=../is_discarded/ ><code>is_discarded</code></a>.</p> <h2 id=exception-safety>Exception safety<a class=headerlink href=#exception-safety title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value.</p> <h2 id=exceptions>Exceptions<a class=headerlink href=#exceptions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Throws <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionparse_error101><code>parse_error.101</code></a> in case of an unexpected token, or empty input like a null <code>FILE*</code> or <code>char*</code> pointer, or an <code>std::istream</code> without a stream buffer (<code class=highlight><span class=n>i</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>rdbuf</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>==</span><span class=w> </span><span cLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> <ol> <li>Deserialize from a compatible input.</li> <li> <p>Deserialize from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support)</p> <p>The <code>value_type</code> of the iterator must be an integral type with size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32. If <code>SentinelType</code> differs from <code>IteratorType</code>, it must be comparable to the iterator type with <code>operator!=</code>.</p> <p>Ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above <code>U+10FFFF</code> all yield a <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionparse_error101><code>parse_error.101</code></a>.</p> </li> </ol> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>InputType</code></dt> <dd> <p>A compatible input, for instance:</p> <ul> <li>an <code>std::istream</code> object</li> <li>a <code>FILE</code> pointer (throws if null)</li> <li>a C-style array of characters</li> <li>a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)</li> <li>a <code>std::string</code> or a <code>std::string_view</code> (C++17)</li> <li>a container <code>obj</code> for which <code>begin(obj)</code> and <code>end(obj)</code> produce a valid pair of iterators (as found via <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> or member functions, with semantics compatible to <code>std::begin</code> and <code>std::end</code>)</li> <li>wide characters (<code>wchar_t</code>, <code>char16_t</code>, <code>char32_t</code>), which are converted to <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8: a wide string object (<code>std::wstring</code>, <code>std::u16string</code>, <code>std::u32string</code>) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a null-terminated wide string (e.g. <code>std::u16string::c_str()</code>) is not supported</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>IteratorType</code></dt> <dd> <p>a compatible iterator type, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a pair of <code>std::string::iterator</code> or <code>std::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;::iterator</code></li> <li>a pair of pointers such as <code>ptr</code> and <code>ptr + len</code></li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>SentinelType</code></dt> <dd> <p>defaults to <code>IteratorType</code>; may be a different type comparable to <code>IteratorType</code> via <code>operator!=</code>, for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges</li> <li><code>std::default_sentinel_t</code>, when <code>IteratorType</code> is <code>std::counted_iterator</code></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>i</code> (in)</dt> <dd>Input to parse from.</dd> <dt><code>cb</code> (in)</dt> <dd>a parser callback function of type <a href=../parser_callback_t/ ><code>parser_callback_t</code></a> which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values (optional)</dd> <dt><code>allow_exceptions</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether to throw exceptions in case of a parse error (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_comments</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether comments should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether trailing commas in arrays or objects should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>first</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the start of a character range</dd> <dt><code>last</code> (in)</dt> <dd>iterator to the end of a character range, or a sentinel value that compares equal to the end iterator with <code>operator!=</code></dd> </dl> <h2 id=return-value>Return value<a class=headerlink href=#return-value title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Deserialized <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value; in case of a parse error and <code>allow_exceptions</code> set to <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>, the return value will be <code>value_t::discarded</code>. The latter can be checked with <a href=../is_discarded/ ><cLine truncated
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>

@@ -424,4 +424,37 @@
    "Neptune"
  ]
 }
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../accept/ >accept</a> - check if the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></li> <li><a href=../sax_parse/ >sax_parse</a> - parse input using the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</li> <li><a href=../../operator_gtgt/ >operator&gt;&gt;</a> - deserialize from stream</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_strict_nul_handling/ ><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code></a> - opt in to rejecting a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - read a <code>std::istream</code> one character at a time</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> - read a <code>FILE*</code> with the locking stdio functions</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Overload for contiguous containers (1) added in version 2.0.3.</li> <li>Ignoring comments via <code>ignore_comments</code> added in version 3.9.0.</li> <li>Changed <a href=../../../features/assertions/ >runtime assertion</a> in case of <code>FILE*</code> null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.</li> <li>Added <code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> <code>begin</code>/<code>end</code> (matching <code>std::begin</code>/<code>std::end</code> semantics) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code> added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to optionally reject a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.</li> <li>Extended empty-input detection to also cover an <code>std::istream</code> without a stream buffer, and fixed a crash (<code>std::terminate</code>) when parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> with <code>eofbit</code> in its exception mask, in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> restores reading one character at a time).</li> <li>Parsing from a <code>FILE*</code> locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> restores <code>std::fgetc</code>).</li> </ul> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Deprecation</p> <p>Overload (2) replaces calls to <code>parse</code> with a pair of iterators as their first parameter which has been deprecated in version 3.8.0. This overload will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all calls like <code class=highlight><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>({</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>},</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code> with <code class=highlight><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code>.</p> <p>You should be warned by your compiler with a <code>-Wdeprecated-declarations</code> warning if you are using a deprecated function.</p> <p>See the <a href=../../../integration/migration_guide/#parsing>migration guide</a> for how to update existing code.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <spanLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> <details class=example> <summary>Example: parse from <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32, and wide strings</summary> <p>The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input; <code>std::u16string</code> and <code>std::u32string</code> are interpreted as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32, and <code>std::wstring</code> uses the platform's <code>wchar_t</code> width. String literals like <code>u"..."</code>, <code>U"..."</code>, and <code>L"..."</code> work as well, as do iterators over wide characters.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
+<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;string&gt;</span>
+<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
+
+<span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>main</span><span class=p>()</span>
+<span class=p>{</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// the same JSON text, given in different encodings</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf8</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"{</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>name</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>:</span><span class=se>\"\u00e9\"</span><span class=s>}"</span><span class=p>;</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>u16string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf16</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>u</span><span class=s>"{</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>name</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>:</span><span class=se>\"\u00e9\"</span><span class=s>}"</span><span class=p>;</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>u32string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf32</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>U</span><span class=s>"{</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>name</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>:</span><span class=se>\"\u00e9\"</span><span class=s>}"</span><span class=p>;</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>wstring</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>wide</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sa>L</span><span class=s>"{</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>name</span><span class=se>\"</span><span class=s>:</span><span class=se>\"\u00e9\"</span><span class=s>}"</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// the encoding is deduced from the character type of the input, and all</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// of them yield the same value</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>utf8</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span>
+<span class=w>              </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>utf16</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span>
+<span class=w>              </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>utf32</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span>
+<span class=w>              </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>wide</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// a wide string literal works as well: u"..." is UTF-16, U"..." is UTF-32</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=sa>u</span><span class=s>"[1, 2, 3]"</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span><span class=p>;</span>
+
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// iterators over wide characters work as well</span>
+<span class=w>    </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>utf16</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>begin</span><span class=p>(),</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>utf16</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>end</span><span class=p>())</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=sc>'\n'</span><span class=p>;</span>
+<span class=p>}</span>
+</code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>"name"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>"é"</span><span class=p>}</span>
+<span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>"name"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>"é"</span><span class=p>}</span>
+<span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>"name"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>"é"</span><span class=p>}</span>
+<span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>"name"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>"é"</span><span class=p>}</span>
+<span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>]</span>
+<span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>"name"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=s2>"é"</span><span class=p>}</span>
+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../accept/ >accept</a> - check if the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></li> <li><a href=../sax_parse/ >sax_parse</a> - parse input using the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</li> <li><a href=../../operator_gtgt/ >operator&gt;&gt;</a> - deserialize from stream</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_strict_nul_handling/ ><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code></a> - opt in to rejecting a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - read a <code>std::istream</code> one character at a time</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> - read a <code>FILE*</code> with the locking stdio functions</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Overload for contiguous containers (1) added in version 2.0.3.</li> <li>Ignoring comments via <code>ignore_comments</code> added in version 3.9.0.</li> <li>Changed <a href=../../../features/assertions/ >runtime assertion</a> in case of <code>FILE*</code> null pointers to exception in version 3.12.0.</li> <li>Added <code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> <code>begin</code>/<code>end</code> (matching <code>std::begin</code>/<code>std::end</code> semantics) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li><code>JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING</code> added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to optionally reject a NUL byte in the input instead of treating it as end of input; planned to become the default in version 4.0.0.</li> <li>Extended empty-input detection to also cover an <code>std::istream</code> without a stream buffer, and fixed a crash (<code>std::terminate</code>) when parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> with <code>eofbit</code> in its exception mask, in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> restores reading one character at a time).</li> <li>Parsing from a <code>FILE*</code> locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> restores <code>std::fgetc</code>).</li> <li>Ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or a code point above <code>U+10FFFF</code>) is rejected with <code>parse_error.101</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>; before that, some such sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Deprecation</p> <p>Overload (2) replaces calls to <code>parse</code> with a pair of iterators as their first parameter which has been deprecated in version 3.8.0. This overload will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all calls like <code class=highlight><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>({</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>},</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>...);</span></code> with <code class=highlight><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span claLine truncated
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,

   The `value_type` of the iterator must be an integral type with size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+   Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a [`parse_error.101`](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 ## Template parameters

 `InputType` : A compatible input, for instance:
@@ -33,9 +35,12 @@ static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, SentinelType last,
 - a `FILE` pointer (throws if null)
 - a C-style array of characters
 - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters (throws if null)
- a `std::string`
+- a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
 - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
  (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+- wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+  (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+  null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported
 ```

 `IteratorType` : a compatible iterator type, for instance.
@@ -93,6 +98,10 @@ Invalid Unicode escapes and unpaired surrogates in the input are reported as [`p

 By default, a `'\0'` (NUL) byte anywhere in the input is treated as end of input, rather than as an ordinary (and, outside of a string, invalid) byte; see the [FAQ entry](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/faq/#nul-bytes-in-the-input) for details and the [`JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_strict_nul_handling/index.md) macro to opt into rejecting it instead.

+Parsing into a document instead of a value
+
+[`basic_json_document::parse`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json_document/parse/index.md) accepts the same inputs and the same options, but keeps the result as a flat index of the parsed values instead of a tree of `basic_json` values. It is faster and uses less memory when only parts of the document are read, and it also accepts a pointer to a null-terminated wide string, which `parse()` does not. See [Zero-copy JSON views](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/json_view/index.md).
+
 Performance

 Contiguous inputs (strings, string views, vectors, arrays, pointer ranges) are the fastest to parse. A `std::istream` comes close: the parser scans the characters its stream buffer holds in bulk, without reading ahead, so the stream is left exactly where it would be after reading one character at a time. A `FILE*` is read one character at a time, but the file is locked only once, so other threads that use the same `FILE` object wait until parsing is done. See [input sources and performance](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/parsing/#input-sources-and-performance), [`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/index.md), and [`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/index.md).
@@ -618,6 +627,51 @@ Output:
 }
 ```

+Example: parse from UTF-16, UTF-32, and wide strings
+
+The encoding is deduced from the character type of the input; `std::u16string` and `std::u32string` are interpreted as UTF-16 and UTF-32, and `std::wstring` uses the platform's `wchar_t` width. String literals like `u"..."`, `U"..."`, and `L"..."` work as well, as do iterators over wide characters.
+
+```
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+int main()
+{
+    // the same JSON text, given in different encodings
+    const std::string utf8 = "{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    const std::u16string utf16 = u"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    const std::u32string utf32 = U"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+    const std::wstring wide = L"{\"name\":\"\u00e9\"}";
+
+    // the encoding is deduced from the character type of the input, and all
+    // of them yield the same value
+    std::cout << json::parse(utf8) << '\n'
+              << json::parse(utf16) << '\n'
+              << json::parse(utf32) << '\n'
+              << json::parse(wide) << '\n';
+
+    // a wide string literal works as well: u"..." is UTF-16, U"..." is UTF-32
+    std::cout << json::parse(u"[1, 2, 3]") << '\n';
+
+    // iterators over wide characters work as well
+    std::cout << json::parse(utf16.begin(), utf16.end()) << '\n';
+}
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+{"name":"é"}
+{"name":"é"}
+{"name":"é"}
+{"name":"é"}
+[1,2,3]
+{"name":"é"}
+```
+
 ## See also

 - [accept](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/accept/index.md) - check if the input is valid JSON
@@ -640,6 +694,7 @@ Output:
 - Extended empty-input detection to also cover an `std::istream` without a stream buffer, and fixed a crash (`std::terminate`) when parsing from an `std::istream` with `eofbit` in its exception mask, in version 3.13.0 unreleased.
 - Parsing from an `std::istream` scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 unreleased ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/index.md) restores reading one character at a time).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 unreleased ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/index.md) restores `std::fgetc`).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101` in version 3.13.0 unreleased; before that, some such sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 Deprecation

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ Read from input and generate SAX events
    respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to
    the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+    Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its
+    low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a
+    [`parse_error.101`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index.md).

 ## Template parameters
@@ -42,8 +46,12 @@ The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](../json_sax/index
    - a `FILE` pointer
    - a C-style array of characters
    - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
+    - a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
    - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
      (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+    - wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+      (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+      null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported

 `IteratorType`
 :   a compatible iterator type for overload (2); a pair of character iterators whose `value_type` is an integral type
@@ -328,6 +336,9 @@ use the same file with stdio functions, but it must not wait for another thread
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan.md)).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0
  ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io.md)).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or
+  a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101` in version 3.13.0; before that, some such
+  sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 !!! warning "Deprecation"

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 <span class=w>                      </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ignore_comments</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>false</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>                      </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ignore_trailing_commas</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>false</span><span class=p>,</span>
 <span class=w>                      </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cbor_tag_handler_t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>tag_handler</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cbor_tag_handler_t</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>error</span><span class=p>);</span>
-</code></pre></div> <p>Read from input and generate <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> events</p> <ol> <li>Read from a compatible input.</li> <li> <p>Read from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).</p> <p>The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32. If <code>SentinelType</code> differs from <code>IteratorType</code>, it must be comparable to the iterator type with <code>operator!=</code>.</p> </li> </ol> <p>The <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> event lister must follow the interface of <a href=../../json_sax/ ><code>json_sax</code></a>.</p> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>InputType</code></dt> <dd> <p>A compatible input, for instance:</p> <ul> <li>an <code>std::istream</code> object</li> <li>a <code>FILE</code> pointer</li> <li>a C-style array of characters</li> <li>a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters</li> <li>a container <code>obj</code> for which <code>begin(obj)</code> and <code>end(obj)</code> produce a valid pair of iterators (as found via <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> or member functions, with semantics compatible to <code>std::begin</code> and <code>std::end</code>)</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>IteratorType</code></dt> <dd>a compatible iterator type for overload (2); a pair of character iterators whose <code>value_type</code> is an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes (interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32)</dd> <dt><code>SentinelType</code></dt> <dd> <p>defaults to <code>IteratorType</code>; may be a different type comparable to <code>IteratorType</code> via <code>operator!=</code>, for overload (2), for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges</li> <li><code>std::default_sentinel_t</code>, when <code>IteratorType</code> is <code>std::counted_iterator</code></li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>SAX</code></dt> <dd>a class fulfilling the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> event listener interface; see <a href=../../json_sax/ ><code>json_sax</code></a></dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>i</code> (in)</dt> <dd>Input to parse from</dd> <dt><code>sax</code> (in)</dt> <dd><abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> event listener (must not be null)</dd> <dt><code>format</code> (in)</dt> <dd>the format to parse (<abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary JData">BJData</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr>, <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr>, MessagePack, or <abbr title="Universal Binary JSON">UBJSON</abbr>) (optional, <code>input_format_t::json</code> by default), see <a href=../input_format_t/ ><code>input_format_t</code></a> for more information</dd> <dt><code>strict</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether the input has to be consumed completely (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> by default); when <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> and the input is a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code>, the character that terminates a number is consumed unless <a href=../../macros/json_precise_stream_position/ ><code>JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION</code></a> is defined to <code>1</code>; see <a href=../../operator_gtgt/#notes><code>operator&gt;&gt;</code></a></dd> <dt><code>ignore_comments</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether comments should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether trailing commas in arrays or objects should be ignored and treated like whitespace (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>) or yield a parse error (<code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>); (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> by default)</dd> <dt><code>tag_handler</code> (in)</dt> <dd>how to handle <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> tags; see <a href=../cbor_tag_handler_t/ ><code>cbor_tag_handler_t</code></a>. Ignored for formats other than <abbr title="Concise Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> <p>Read from input and generate <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> events</p> <ol> <li>Read from a compatible input.</li> <li> <p>Read from a pair of character iterators, or an iterator and a sentinel of a different type (C++20 ranges support).</p> <p>The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32. If <code>SentinelType</code> differs from <code>IteratorType</code>, it must be comparable to the iterator type with <code>operator!=</code>.</p> <p>Ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above <code>U+10FFFF</code> all yield a <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionparse_error101><code>parse_error.101</code></a>.</p> </li> </ol> <p>The <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> event lister must follow the interface of <a href=../../json_sax/ ><code>json_sax</code></a>.</p> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>InputType</code></dt> <dd> <p>A compatible input, for instance:</p> <ul> <li>an <code>std::istream</code> object</li> <li>a <code>FILE</code> pointer</li> <li>a C-style array of characters</li> <li>a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters</li> <li>a <code>std::string</code> or a <code>std::string_view</code> (C++17)</li> <li>a container <code>obj</code> for which <code>begin(obj)</code> and <code>end(obj)</code> produce a valid pair of iterators (as found via <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> or member functions, with semantics compatible to <code>std::begin</code> and <code>std::end</code>)</li> <li>wide characters (<code>wchar_t</code>, <code>char16_t</code>, <code>char32_t</code>), which are converted to <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8: a wide string object (<code>std::wstring</code>, <code>std::u16string</code>, <code>std::u32string</code>) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a null-terminated wide string (e.g. <code>std::u16string::c_str()</code>) is not supported</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>IteratorType</code></dt> <dd>a compatible iterator type for overload (2); a pair of character iterators whose <code>value_type</code> is an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes (interpreted respectively as <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8, <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16, and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32)</dd> <dt><code>SentinelType</code></dt> <dd> <p>defaults to <code>IteratorType</code>; may be a different type comparable to <code>IteratorType</code> via <code>operator!=</code>, for overload (2), for instance.</p> <ul> <li>a custom sentinel type for C++20 ranges</li> <li><code>std::default_sentinel_t</code>, when <code>IteratorType</code> is <code>std::counted_iterator</code></li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>SAX</code></dt> <dd>a class fulfilling the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> event listener interface; see <a href=../../json_sax/ ><code>json_sax</code></a></dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>i</code> (in)</dt> <dd>Input to parse from</dd> <dt><code>sax</code> (in)</dt> <dd><abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> event listener (must not be null)</dd> <dt><code>format</code> (in)</dt> <dd>the format to parse (<abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary JData">BJData</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr>, <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr>, MessagePack, or <abbr title="Universal Binary JSON">UBJSON</abbr>) (optional, <code>input_format_t::json</code> by default), see <a href=../input_format_t/ ><code>input_format_t</code></a> for more information</dd> <dt><code>strict</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether the input has to be consumed completely (optional, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> by default); when <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> and the input is a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code>, the character that terminates a number is consumed unless <a href=../../macros/json_precise_stream_position/ ><code>JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION</code></a> is defined to <code>1</code>; see <a href=../../operator_gtgt/#notes><code>operator&gt;&gt;</code></a></dd> <dt><code>ignore_comments</code> (in)</dt> <dd>whether coLine truncated
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;sstream&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
@@ -185,4 +185,4 @@
 <span class=w>            </span><span class=err>ex=</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=err>jso</span><span class=kc>n</span><span class=err>.excep</span><span class=kc>t</span><span class=err>io</span><span class=kc>n</span><span class=err>.parse_error.</span><span class=mi>101</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>parse</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>error</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>a</span><span class=kc>t</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>li</span><span class=kc>ne</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>17</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>colum</span><span class=kc>n</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>6</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>sy</span><span class=kc>nta</span><span class=err>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>error</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>while</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>parsi</span><span class=kc>n</span><span class=err>g</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>-</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>u</span><span class=kc>ne</span><span class=err>xpec</span><span class=kc>te</span><span class=err>d</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>'</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=err>';</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>expec</span><span class=kc>te</span><span class=err>d</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>e</span><span class=kc>n</span><span class=err>d</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>o</span><span class=kc>f</span><span class=w> </span><span class=err>i</span><span class=kc>n</span><span class=err>pu</span><span class=kc>t</span><span class=err>)</span>

 <span class=err>resul</span><span class=kc>t</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kc>false</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../parse/ >parse</a> - deserialize from a compatible input</li> <li><a href=../accept/ >accept</a> - check if the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - read a <code>std::istream</code> one character at a time</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> - read a <code>FILE*</code> with the locking stdio functions</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 3.2.0.</li> <li>Ignoring comments via <code>ignore_comments</code> added in version 3.9.0.</li> <li>Added <code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Added <code>tag_handler</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> <code>begin</code>/<code>end</code> (matching <code>std::begin</code>/<code>std::end</code> semantics) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li><code>JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION</code> added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to optionally leave a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code> positioned right after the parsed value when <code>strict</code> is <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>.</li> <li>Parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a>).</li> <li>Parsing from a <code>FILE*</code> locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a>).</li> </ul> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Deprecation</p> <p>Overload (2) replaces calls to <code>sax_parse</code> with a pair of iterators as their first parameter which has been deprecated in version 3.8.0. This overload will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all calls like <code class=highlight><span class=n>sax_parse</span><span class=p>({</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>});</span></code> with <code class=highlight><span class=n>sax_parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>);</span></code>.</p> <p>See the <a href=../../../integration/migration_guide/#parsing>migration guide</a> for how to update existing code.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 19, 2026 20:00:58 UTC">October 19, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../parse/ >parse</a> - deserialize from a compatible input</li> <li><a href=../accept/ >accept</a> - check if the input is valid <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - read a <code>std::istream</code> one character at a time</li> <li><a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> - read a <code>FILE*</code> with the locking stdio functions</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 3.2.0.</li> <li>Ignoring comments via <code>ignore_comments</code> added in version 3.9.0.</li> <li>Added <code>ignore_trailing_commas</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Added <code>tag_handler</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended container support (1) to include types with lvalue-only <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> <code>begin</code>/<code>end</code> (matching <code>std::begin</code>/<code>std::end</code> semantics) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Extended overload (2) to accept heterogeneous iterator+sentinel pairs (C++20 ranges support) in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li><code>JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION</code> added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to optionally leave a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code> positioned right after the parsed value when <code>strict</code> is <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>.</li> <li>Parsing from an <code>std::istream</code> scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a>).</li> <li>Parsing from a <code>FILE*</code> locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> (<a href=../../macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a>).</li> <li>Ill-formed <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-16 and <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or a code point above <code>U+10FFFF</code>) is rejected with <code>parse_error.101</code> in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>; before that, some such sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Deprecation</p> <p>Overload (2) replaces calls to <code>sax_parse</code> with a pair of iterators as their first parameter which has been deprecated in version 3.8.0. This overload will be removed in version 4.0.0. Please replace all calls like <code class=highlight><span class=n>sax_parse</span><span class=p>({</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>});</span></code> with <code class=highlight><span class=n>sax_parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ptr</span><span class=o>+</span><span class=n>len</span><span class=p>);</span></code>.</p> <p>See the <a href=../../../integration/migration_guide/#parsing>migration guide</a> for how to update existing code.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7Line truncated
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ Read from input and generate SAX events

   The value_type of the iterator must be an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32. If `SentinelType` differs from `IteratorType`, it must be comparable to the iterator type with `operator!=`.

+   Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 sequences are rejected: a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, and a code point above `U+10FFFF` all yield a [`parse_error.101`](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/exceptions/#jsonexceptionparse_error101).
+
 The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/json_sax/index.md).

 ## Template parameters
@@ -41,8 +43,12 @@ The SAX event lister must follow the interface of [`json_sax`](https://json.nloh
 - a `FILE` pointer
 - a C-style array of characters
 - a pointer to a null-terminated string of single byte characters
+- a `std::string` or a `std::string_view` (C++17)
 - a container `obj` for which `begin(obj)` and `end(obj)` produce a valid pair of iterators
  (as found via ADL or member functions, with semantics compatible to `std::begin` and `std::end`)
+- wide characters (`wchar_t`, `char16_t`, `char32_t`), which are converted to UTF-8: a wide string object
+  (`std::wstring`, `std::u16string`, `std::u32string`) or an array (e.g. a wide string literal); a pointer to a
+  null-terminated wide string (e.g. `std::u16string::c_str()`) is not supported
 ```

 `IteratorType` : a compatible iterator type for overload (2); a pair of character iterators whose `value_type` is an integral type with a size of 1, 2, or 4 bytes (interpreted respectively as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32)
@@ -298,6 +304,7 @@ result: false
 - `JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION` added in version 3.13.0 unreleased to optionally leave a `std::istream` positioned right after the parsed value when `strict` is `false`.
 - Parsing from an `std::istream` scans the characters in its stream buffer in bulk in version 3.13.0 unreleased ([`JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/index.md)).
 - Parsing from a `FILE*` locks the file once instead of once per character in version 3.13.0 unreleased ([`JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/index.md)).
+- Ill-formed UTF-16 and UTF-32 input (a lone surrogate, a high surrogate that is not followed by its low surrogate, or a code point above `U+10FFFF`) is rejected with `parse_error.101` in version 3.13.0 unreleased; before that, some such sequences were accepted or ended the input silently.

 Deprecation