deploy: cc8334113c

api/basic_json/basic_json.md

@@ -68,6 +68,14 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
      `std::unordered_map`, `std::multimap`, and `std::unordered_multimap` with a `key_type` compatible to `string_t`
      and a `value_type` from which a `basic_json` value can be constructed.
     - **strings**: `string_t`, string literals, and all compatible string containers can be used.
+
+    !!! note "Rvalue containers are moved from"
+
+        If `val` is an rvalue of a compatible array-like or object-like container other than `array_t`/`object_t`
+        (e.g., `json j = std::move(vec);` or `json j(std::vector<std::string>{...});`), the elements are moved into
+        the JSON value instead of copied. Afterwards, the elements of the source container are in a valid but
+        unspecified state (**moved-from**). Keys of associative containers are `const` and therefore still copied.
+        Lvalues and `const` rvalues are copied, and the source is left unchanged.
     - **numbers**: [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md),
      [`number_float_t`](number_float_t.md), and all convertible number types such as `int`, `size_t`, `int64_t`, `float`
      or `double` can be used.
@@ -236,7 +244,9 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
 2. No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws exceptions.
 3. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no
    `to_json()` function was provided), a strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any
-   JSON value.
+   JSON value. **Exception:** when `val` is an rvalue array-like or object-like container, its elements are moved one
+   by one; if an exception is thrown in the middle of the conversion (e.g., an allocation failure), the JSON value is
+   unchanged, but the source container may be left partially moved-from.
 4. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no
    `to_json()` function was provided), a strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any
    JSON value.

api/basic_json/basic_json/index.html

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 
 <span class=c1>// (9)</span>
 <span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>other</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>noexcept</span><span class=p>;</span>
-</code></pre></div> <ol> <li> <p>Create an empty <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value with a given type. The value will be default initialized with an empty value which depends on the type:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Value type</th> <th>initial value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>null</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>boolean</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=kc>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>string</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s2>""</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>number</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=mi>0</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>object</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=p>{}</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>array</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=p>[]</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>binary</td> <td>empty array</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The postcondition of this constructor can be restored by calling <a href=../clear/ ><code>clear()</code></a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Create a <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value. It either takes a null pointer as parameter (explicitly creating <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code>) or no parameter (implicitly creating <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code>). The passed null pointer itself is not read -- it is only used to choose the right constructor.</p> </li> <li> <p>This is a "catch all" constructor for all compatible <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types; that is, types for which a <code>to_json()</code> method exists. The constructor forwards the parameter <code>val</code> to that method (to <code>json_serializer&lt;U&gt;::to_json</code> method with <code>U = uncvref_t&lt;CompatibleType&gt;</code>, to be exact).</p> <p>Template type <code>CompatibleType</code> includes, but is not limited to, the following types:</p> <ul> <li><strong>arrays</strong>: <a href=../array_t/ ><code>array_t</code></a> and all kinds of compatible containers such as <code>std::vector</code>, <code>std::deque</code>, <code>std::list</code>, <code>std::forward_list</code>, <code>std::array</code>, <code>std::valarray</code>, <code>std::set</code>, <code>std::unordered_set</code>, <code>std::multiset</code>, and <code>std::unordered_multiset</code> with a <code>value_type</code> from which a <code>basic_json</code> value can be constructed.</li> <li><strong>objects</strong>: <a href=../object_t/ ><code>object_t</code></a> and all kinds of compatible associative containers such as <code>std::map</code>, <code>std::unordered_map</code>, <code>std::multimap</code>, and <code>std::unordered_multimap</code> with a <code>key_type</code> compatible to <code>string_t</code> and a <code>value_type</code> from which a <code>basic_json</code> value can be constructed.</li> <li><strong>strings</strong>: <code>string_t</code>, string literals, and all compatible string containers can be used.</li> <li><strong>numbers</strong>: <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a>, <a href=../number_unsigned_t/ ><code>number_unsigned_t</code></a>, <a href=../number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a>, and all convertible number types such as <code>int</code>, <code>size_t</code>, <code>int64_t</code>, <code>float</code> or <code>double</code> can be used.</li> <li><strong>boolean</strong>: <code>boolean_t</code> / <code>bool</code> can be used.</li> <li><strong>binary</strong>: <code>binary_t</code> / <code>std::vector&lt;uint8_t&gt;</code> may be used; unfortunately because string literals cannot be distinguished from binary character arrays by the C++ type system, all types compatible with <code>const char*</code> will be directed to the string constructor instead. This is both for backwards compatibility and due to the fact that a binary type is not a standard <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> type.</li> </ul> <p>See the examples below.</p> </li> <li> <p>This is a constructor for existing <code>basic_json</code> types. It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter has different template arguments than the current ones.</p> <p>The constructor tries to convert the internal <code>m_value</code> of the parameter. Each member value (object, array, string, etc.) is serialized via the corresponding <code>to_json()</code> overload. For objects and strings, the conversion requires that the <em>target</em> <code>basic_json</code> type's <code>object_t::key_type</code> (or <code>string_t</code>) be directly constructible from the <em>source</em> type's corresponding member type via <code>is_constructible</code>. If this requirement is not met, the conversion does not fail to compile; instead, it silently falls back to the array-conversion path, which represents objects as arrays of <code>[key, value]</code> pairs and strings as arrays of character codes. This is a known limitatLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> <ol> <li> <p>Create an empty <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value with a given type. The value will be default initialized with an empty value which depends on the type:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Value type</th> <th>initial value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>null</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>boolean</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=kc>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>string</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s2>""</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>number</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=mi>0</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>object</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=p>{}</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>array</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=p>[]</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>binary</td> <td>empty array</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The postcondition of this constructor can be restored by calling <a href=../clear/ ><code>clear()</code></a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Create a <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value. It either takes a null pointer as parameter (explicitly creating <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code>) or no parameter (implicitly creating <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code>). The passed null pointer itself is not read -- it is only used to choose the right constructor.</p> </li> <li> <p>This is a "catch all" constructor for all compatible <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types; that is, types for which a <code>to_json()</code> method exists. The constructor forwards the parameter <code>val</code> to that method (to <code>json_serializer&lt;U&gt;::to_json</code> method with <code>U = uncvref_t&lt;CompatibleType&gt;</code>, to be exact).</p> <p>Template type <code>CompatibleType</code> includes, but is not limited to, the following types:</p> <ul> <li><strong>arrays</strong>: <a href=../array_t/ ><code>array_t</code></a> and all kinds of compatible containers such as <code>std::vector</code>, <code>std::deque</code>, <code>std::list</code>, <code>std::forward_list</code>, <code>std::array</code>, <code>std::valarray</code>, <code>std::set</code>, <code>std::unordered_set</code>, <code>std::multiset</code>, and <code>std::unordered_multiset</code> with a <code>value_type</code> from which a <code>basic_json</code> value can be constructed.</li> <li><strong>objects</strong>: <a href=../object_t/ ><code>object_t</code></a> and all kinds of compatible associative containers such as <code>std::map</code>, <code>std::unordered_map</code>, <code>std::multimap</code>, and <code>std::unordered_multimap</code> with a <code>key_type</code> compatible to <code>string_t</code> and a <code>value_type</code> from which a <code>basic_json</code> value can be constructed.</li> <li><strong>strings</strong>: <code>string_t</code>, string literals, and all compatible string containers can be used.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Rvalue containers are moved from</p> <p>If <code>val</code> is an rvalue of a compatible array-like or object-like container other than <code>array_t</code>/<code>object_t</code> (e.g., <code>json j = std::move(vec);</code> or <code>json j(std::vector&lt;std::string&gt;{...});</code>), the elements are moved into the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value instead of copied. Afterwards, the elements of the source container are in a valid but unspecified state (<strong>moved-from</strong>). Keys of associative containers are <code>const</code> and therefore still copied. Lvalues and <code>const</code> rvalues are copied, and the source is left unchanged.</p> </div> <ul> <li><strong>numbers</strong>: <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a>, <a href=../number_unsigned_t/ ><code>number_unsigned_t</code></a>, <a href=../number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a>, and all convertible number types such as <code>int</code>, <code>size_t</code>, <code>int64_t</code>, <code>float</code> or <code>double</code> can be used.</li> <li><strong>boolean</strong>: <code>boolean_t</code> / <code>bool</code> can be used.</li> <li><strong>binary</strong>: <code>binary_t</code> / <code>std::vector&lt;uint8_t&gt;</code> may be used; unfortunately because string literals cannot be distinguished from binary character arrays by the C++ type system, all types compatible with <code>const char*</code> will be directed to the string constructor instead. This is both for backwards compatibility and due to the fact that a binary type is not a standard <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> type.</li> </ul> <p>See the examples below.</p> </li> <li> <p>This is a constructor for existing <code>basic_json</code> types. It does not hijack copy/move constructors, since the parameter has different template arguments than the current ones.</p>Line truncated
     A(["initializer_list init"]) --&gt; B{"empty, or every element is a 2-element&lt;br/&gt;array whose first element is a string?"}
     B --&gt;|"yes"| C{"type_deduction"}
     B --&gt;|"no"| D{"type_deduction"}
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
     F --&gt;|"object"| ERR["throw type_error.301"]</code></pre> <p>The rules aim to create the best fit between a C++ initializer list and <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values. The rationale is as follows:</p> <ol> <li>The empty initializer list is written as <code class=highlight><span class=p>{}</span></code> which is exactly an empty <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object.</li> <li>C++ has no way of describing mapped types other than to list a list of pairs. As <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> requires that keys must be of type string, rule 2 is the weakest constraint one can pose on initializer lists to interpret them as an object.</li> <li>In all other cases, the initializer list could not be interpreted as a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object type, so interpreting it as a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array type is safe.</li> </ol> <p>With the rules described above, the following <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values cannot be expressed by an initializer list:</p> <ul> <li>the empty array (<code class=highlight><span class=p>[]</span></code>): use <code>array(initializer_list_t)</code> with an empty initializer list in this case</li> <li>arrays whose elements satisfy rule 2: use <code>array(initializer_list_t)</code> with the same initializer list in this case</li> </ul> <p>Function <a href=../array/ ><code>array()</code></a> and <a href=../object/ ><code>object()</code></a> force array and object creation from initializer lists, respectively.</p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Brace initialization yields arrays</p> <p>Because this constructor takes an <code>initializer_list_t</code>, brace-initializing a <code>json</code>/<code>ordered_json</code> from another <code>json</code> value wraps it in a single-element array rather than copying it:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j1</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s>"hello"</span><span class=p>;</span>
 <span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j2</span><span class=p>{</span><span class=n>j1</span><span class=p>};</span><span class=w>   </span><span class=c1>// [!] j2 is ["hello"], NOT a copy of j1</span>
 <span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>j3</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>j1</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w>   </span><span class=c1>// j3 is "hello" -- parentheses copy as expected</span>
-</code></pre></div> <p>See the <abbr title="Frequently Asked Questions">FAQ</abbr> entry on <a href=../../../home/faq/#brace-initialization-yields-arrays>brace initialization</a> for the full explanation, an opt-in macro to change this behavior, and how to explicitly create a single-element array (<code>json::array({value})</code>) if that is what you want.</p> </div> </li> <li> <p>Constructs a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array value by creating <code>cnt</code> copies of a passed value. In case <code>cnt</code> is <code>0</code>, an empty array is created.</p> </li> <li> <p>Constructs the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value with the contents of the range <code>[first, last)</code>. The semantics depend on the different types a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value can have:</p> <ul> <li>In case of a <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> type, <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator206>invalid_iterator.206</a> is thrown.</li> <li>In case of other primitive types (number, boolean, string, or binary), <code>first</code> must be <code>begin()</code> and <code>last</code> must be <code>end()</code>. In this case, the value is copied. Otherwise, <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204><code>invalid_iterator.204</code></a> is thrown.</li> <li>In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves as similar versions for <code>std::vector</code> or <code>std::map</code>; that is, a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array or object is constructed from the values in the range.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>Creates a copy of a given <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value.</p> </li> <li> <p>Move constructor. Constructs a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value with the contents of the given value <code>other</code> using move semantics. It "steals" the resources from <code>other</code> and leaves it as <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> value.</p> </li> </ol> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>CompatibleType</code></dt> <dd> <p>a type such that:</p> <ul> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not derived from <code>std::istream</code>,</li> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not <code>basic_json</code> (to avoid hijacking copy/move constructors),</li> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not a different <code>basic_json</code> type (i.e. with different template arguments)</li> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not a <code>basic_json</code> nested type (e.g., <code>json_pointer</code>, <code>iterator</code>, etc.)</li> <li>if <a href=../../macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION</code></a> is defined to <code>1</code>: <code>CompatibleType</code> is not a one-element <code>std::tuple</code> holding a reference to <code>basic_json</code></li> <li><code>json_serializer&lt;U&gt;</code> (with <code>U = uncvref_t&lt;CompatibleType&gt;</code>) has a <code>to_json(basic_json_t&amp;, CompatibleType&amp;&amp;)</code> method</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>BasicJsonType</code>:</dt> <dd> <p>a type such that:</p> <ul> <li><code>BasicJsonType</code> is a <code>basic_json</code> type.</li> <li><code>BasicJsonType</code> has different template arguments than <code>basic_json_t</code>.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Note:</strong> For cross-<code>basic_json</code> conversions to produce correct results, the target <code>basic_json</code>'s <a href=../object_t/ ><code>object_t</code></a><code>::key_type</code> and <a href=../string_t/ ><code>string_t</code></a> must be directly constructible from the source <code>basic_json</code>'s corresponding types. See the description of overload (4) above for details on what happens when this requirement is not met.</p> </dd> <dt><code>U</code>:</dt> <dd><code>uncvref_t&lt;CompatibleType&gt;</code></dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>v</code> (in)</dt> <dd>the type of the value to create</dd> <dt><code>val</code> (in)</dt> <dd>the value to be forwarded to the respective constructor</dd> <dt><code>init</code> (in)</dt> <dd>initializer list with <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values</dd> <dt><code>type_deduction</code> (in)</dt> <dd>internal parameter; when set to <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>, the type of the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value is deducted from the initializer list <code>init</code>; when set to <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>, the type provided via <code>manual_type</code> is forced. This mode is used by the functions <code>array(initializer_list_t)</code> and <code>object(Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> <p>See the <abbr title="Frequently Asked Questions">FAQ</abbr> entry on <a href=../../../home/faq/#brace-initialization-yields-arrays>brace initialization</a> for the full explanation, an opt-in macro to change this behavior, and how to explicitly create a single-element array (<code>json::array({value})</code>) if that is what you want.</p> </div> </li> <li> <p>Constructs a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array value by creating <code>cnt</code> copies of a passed value. In case <code>cnt</code> is <code>0</code>, an empty array is created.</p> </li> <li> <p>Constructs the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value with the contents of the range <code>[first, last)</code>. The semantics depend on the different types a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value can have:</p> <ul> <li>In case of a <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> type, <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator206>invalid_iterator.206</a> is thrown.</li> <li>In case of other primitive types (number, boolean, string, or binary), <code>first</code> must be <code>begin()</code> and <code>last</code> must be <code>end()</code>. In this case, the value is copied. Otherwise, <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptioninvalid_iterator204><code>invalid_iterator.204</code></a> is thrown.</li> <li>In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves as similar versions for <code>std::vector</code> or <code>std::map</code>; that is, a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array or object is constructed from the values in the range.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>Creates a copy of a given <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value.</p> </li> <li> <p>Move constructor. Constructs a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value with the contents of the given value <code>other</code> using move semantics. It "steals" the resources from <code>other</code> and leaves it as <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> value.</p> </li> </ol> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>CompatibleType</code></dt> <dd> <p>a type such that:</p> <ul> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not derived from <code>std::istream</code>,</li> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not <code>basic_json</code> (to avoid hijacking copy/move constructors),</li> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not a different <code>basic_json</code> type (i.e. with different template arguments)</li> <li><code>CompatibleType</code> is not a <code>basic_json</code> nested type (e.g., <code>json_pointer</code>, <code>iterator</code>, etc.)</li> <li>if <a href=../../macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION</code></a> is defined to <code>1</code>: <code>CompatibleType</code> is not a one-element <code>std::tuple</code> holding a reference to <code>basic_json</code></li> <li><code>json_serializer&lt;U&gt;</code> (with <code>U = uncvref_t&lt;CompatibleType&gt;</code>) has a <code>to_json(basic_json_t&amp;, CompatibleType&amp;&amp;)</code> method</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><code>BasicJsonType</code>:</dt> <dd> <p>a type such that:</p> <ul> <li><code>BasicJsonType</code> is a <code>basic_json</code> type.</li> <li><code>BasicJsonType</code> has different template arguments than <code>basic_json_t</code>.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Note:</strong> For cross-<code>basic_json</code> conversions to produce correct results, the target <code>basic_json</code>'s <a href=../object_t/ ><code>object_t</code></a><code>::key_type</code> and <a href=../string_t/ ><code>string_t</code></a> must be directly constructible from the source <code>basic_json</code>'s corresponding types. See the description of overload (4) above for details on what happens when this requirement is not met.</p> </dd> <dt><code>U</code>:</dt> <dd><code>uncvref_t&lt;CompatibleType&gt;</code></dd> </dl> <h2 id=parameters>Parameters<a class=headerlink href=#parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>v</code> (in)</dt> <dd>the type of the value to create</dd> <dt><code>val</code> (in)</dt> <dd>the value to be forwarded to the respective constructor</dd> <dt><code>init</code> (in)</dt> <dd>initializer list with <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values</dd> <dt><code>type_deduction</code> (in)</dt> <dd>internal parameter; when set to <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code>, the type of the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value is deducted from the initializer list <code>init</code>; when set to <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>, the type provided via <code>manual_type</code> is forced. This mode is used by the functions <code>array(initializer_list_t)</code> and <code>object(Line truncated
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
 
 <span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
@@ -494,4 +494,4 @@
 <span class=p>}</span>
 </code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=kc>null</span>
 <span class=mi>23</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../array/ >array</a> create a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array value, forcing array creation from an initializer list even when it looks like an object</li> <li><a href=../object/ >object</a> create a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object value, forcing object creation from an initializer list</li> <li><a href=../binary/ >binary</a> create a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> binary array value</li> <li><a href=../operator%3D/ >operator=</a> copy assignment operator</li> <li><a href=../../../features/creating_values/ >Creating <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values</a> - the article on creating <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ol> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 2.1.0.</li> <li>Since version 3.2.0. Explicit for different string types if <code>JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS</code> is <code>0</code> since version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0. Fixed in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span> to also check the iterator range for binary values; before, a range that did not cover the whole value (such as <code>(end(), end())</code>) was accepted and the whole binary value was copied, unlike the other primitive types.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> </ol> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 4, 2026 09:46:52 UTC">October 4, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann </div> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../array/ >array</a> create a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> array value, forcing array creation from an initializer list even when it looks like an object</li> <li><a href=../object/ >object</a> create a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object value, forcing object creation from an initializer list</li> <li><a href=../binary/ >binary</a> create a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> binary array value</li> <li><a href=../operator%3D/ >operator=</a> copy assignment operator</li> <li><a href=../../../features/creating_values/ >Creating <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values</a> - the article on creating <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> values</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ol> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 2.1.0.</li> <li>Since version 3.2.0. Explicit for different string types if <code>JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS</code> is <code>0</code> since version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0.</li> <li>Since version 1.0.0. 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api/basic_json/basic_json/index.md

@@ -59,6 +59,11 @@ basic_json(basic_json&& other) noexcept;
    - **arrays**: [`array_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/array_t/index.md) and all kinds of compatible containers such as `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::list`, `std::forward_list`, `std::array`, `std::valarray`, `std::set`, `std::unordered_set`, `std::multiset`, and `std::unordered_multiset` with a `value_type` from which a `basic_json` value can be constructed.
    - **objects**: [`object_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/object_t/index.md) and all kinds of compatible associative containers such as `std::map`, `std::unordered_map`, `std::multimap`, and `std::unordered_multimap` with a `key_type` compatible to `string_t` and a `value_type` from which a `basic_json` value can be constructed.
    - **strings**: `string_t`, string literals, and all compatible string containers can be used.
+
+   Rvalue containers are moved from
+
+   If `val` is an rvalue of a compatible array-like or object-like container other than `array_t`/`object_t` (e.g., `json j = std::move(vec);` or `json j(std::vector<std::string>{...});`), the elements are moved into the JSON value instead of copied. Afterwards, the elements of the source container are in a valid but unspecified state (**moved-from**). Keys of associative containers are `const` and therefore still copied. Lvalues and `const` rvalues are copied, and the source is left unchanged.
+
    - **numbers**: [`number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md), [`number_unsigned_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/index.md), [`number_float_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_float_t/index.md), and all convertible number types such as `int`, `size_t`, `int64_t`, `float` or `double` can be used.
    - **boolean**: `boolean_t` / `bool` can be used.
    - **binary**: `binary_t` / `std::vector<uint8_t>` may be used; unfortunately because string literals cannot be distinguished from binary character arrays by the C++ type system, all types compatible with `const char*` will be directed to the string constructor instead. This is both for backwards compatibility and due to the fact that a binary type is not a standard JSON type.
@@ -182,7 +187,7 @@ this requirement is not met.
 
 1. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
 1. No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws exceptions.
-1. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function was provided), a strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
+1. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function was provided), a strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value. **Exception:** when `val` is an rvalue array-like or object-like container, its elements are moved one by one; if an exception is thrown in the middle of the conversion (e.g., an allocation failure), the JSON value is unchanged, but the source container may be left partially moved-from.
 1. Depends on the called constructor. For types directly supported by the library (i.e., all types for which no `to_json()` function was provided), a strong guarantee holds: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
 1. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.
 1. Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes to any JSON value.

api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned.md

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept;
 This function returns `#!cpp true` if and only if the JSON value is an unsigned integer number. This excludes
 floating-point and signed integer values.
 
+If [`number_unsigned_t`](number_unsigned_t.md) is the same type as [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md), every
+integer is stored as `number_integer_t`, and this function always returns `#!cpp false`.
+    
 ## Return value
 
 `#!cpp true` if type is an unsigned integer number, `#!cpp false` otherwise.

api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/index.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7Line truncated
-</code></pre></div> <p>This function returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> if and only if the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value is an unsigned integer number. This excludes floating-point and signed integer values.</p> <h2 id=return-value>Return value<a class=headerlink href=#return-value title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> if type is an unsigned integer number, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> otherwise.</p> <h2 id=exception-safety>Exception safety<a class=headerlink href=#exception-safety title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.</p> <h2 id=complexity>Complexity<a class=headerlink href=#complexity title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Constant.</p> <h2 id=examples>Examples<a class=headerlink href=#examples title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The following code exemplifies <code>is_number_unsigned()</code> for all <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div> <p>This function returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> if and only if the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value is an unsigned integer number. This excludes floating-point and signed integer values.</p> <p>If <a href=../number_unsigned_t/ ><code>number_unsigned_t</code></a> is the same type as <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a>, every integer is stored as <code>number_integer_t</code>, and this function always returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code>.</p> <h2 id=return-value>Return value<a class=headerlink href=#return-value title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> if type is an unsigned integer number, <code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code> otherwise.</p> <h2 id=exception-safety>Exception safety<a class=headerlink href=#exception-safety title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws exceptions.</p> <h2 id=complexity>Complexity<a class=headerlink href=#complexity title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Constant.</p> <h2 id=examples>Examples<a class=headerlink href=#examples title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The following code exemplifies <code>is_number_unsigned()</code> for all <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> types.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iostream&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
 
 <span class=k>using</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=p>;</span>
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@
 <span class=kc>false</span>
 <span class=kc>false</span>
 <span class=kc>false</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../is_number/ >is_number()</a> check if the value is a number</li> <li><a href=../is_number_integer/ >is_number_integer()</a> check if the value is an integer or unsigned integer number</li> <li><a href=../is_number_float/ >is_number_float()</a> check if the value is a floating-point number</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 2.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="April 5, 2025 16:54:35 UTC">April 5, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../is_number/ >is_number()</a> check if the value is a number</li> <li><a href=../is_number_integer/ >is_number_integer()</a> check if the value is an integer or unsigned integer number</li> <li><a href=../is_number_float/ >is_number_float()</a> check if the value is a floating-point number</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 2.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 15, 2026 18:04:42 UTC">October 15, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/index.md

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept;
 
 This function returns `true` if and only if the JSON value is an unsigned integer number. This excludes floating-point and signed integer values.
 
+If [`number_unsigned_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/index.md) is the same type as [`number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md), every integer is stored as `number_integer_t`, and this function always returns `false`.
+
 ## Return value
 
 `true` if type is an unsigned integer number, `false` otherwise.

api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t.md

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ the type to use.
 `NumberUnsignedType`
 :   the type to store unsigned integers. It must be an **unsigned integral** type (`#!cpp std::is_integral`) with a
     `#!cpp std::numeric_limits` specialization, and it must be able to represent the absolute value of every
-    [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md) value. See
+    [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md) value. Alternatively, it can be the same type as
+    [`number_integer_t`](number_integer_t.md); then every integer is stored as `number_integer_t`. See
     [Template Parameter Requirements](../../features/types/template_parameters.md#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype).
 
 ## Notes
@@ -100,3 +101,4 @@ Integer number values are stored directly inside a `basic_json` type.
 ## Version history
 
 - Added in version 2.0.0.
+- Can be the same type as `number_integer_t` since version 3.13.0.

api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/index.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7Line truncated
-</code></pre></div> <p>The type used to store <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> numbers (unsigned).</p> <p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a> describes numbers as follows:</p> <blockquote> <p>The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and <abbr title="Not a Number">NaN</abbr>) are not permitted.</p> </blockquote> <p>This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number is a signed integer, an unsigned integer, or a floating-point number. Therefore, three different types, <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a>, <code>number_unsigned_t</code> and <a href=../number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a> are used.</p> <p>To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> which chooses the type to use.</p> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>NumberUnsignedType</code></dt> <dd>the type to store unsigned integers. It must be an <strong>unsigned integral</strong> type (<code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_integral</span></code>) with a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>numeric_limits</span></code> specialization, and it must be able to represent the absolute value of every <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a> value. See <a href=../../../features/types/template_parameters/#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype>Template Parameter Requirements</a>.</dd> </dl> <h2 id=notes>Notes<a class=headerlink href=#notes title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=default-type>Default type<a class=headerlink href=#default-type title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>With the default values for <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> (<code>std::uint64_t</code>), the default type for <code>number_unsigned_t</code> is <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint64_t</span></code>.</p> <h3 id=default-behavior>Default behavior<a class=headerlink href=#default-behavior title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>The restrictions about leading zeros are not enforced in C++. Instead, leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as an octal number. Internally, the value will be stored as a decimal number. For instance, the C++ integer literal <code>010</code> will be serialized to <code>8</code>. During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.</li> </ul> <h3 id=limits>Limits<a class=headerlink href=#limits title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a> specifies:</p> <blockquote> <p>An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.</p> </blockquote> <p>When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be stored is <code>18446744073709551615</code> (UINT64_MAX) and the minimal integer number that can be stored is <code>0</code>. Integer numbers that are out of range will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor. During deserialization (from <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text or any of the binary formats), too large or small integer numbers will automatically be stored as <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a> or <a href=../number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a>.</p> <p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a> further states:</p> <blockquote> <p>Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are in the range [-2<sup>53</sup>+1, 2<sup>53</sup>-1] are interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.</p> </blockquote> <p>As this range is a subrange (when considered in conjunction with the <code>number_integer_t</code> type) of the exactly supported range [0, UINT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.</p> <h3 id=storage>Storage<a class=headerlink href=#storage title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Integer number values are stored directly inside a <code>basic_json</code> type.</p> <h2 id=examples>Examples<a class=headerlink href=#examples title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The following code shows that <code>number_unsigned_t</code>Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> <p>The type used to store <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> numbers (unsigned).</p> <p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a> describes numbers as follows:</p> <blockquote> <p>The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and <abbr title="Not a Number">NaN</abbr>) are not permitted.</p> </blockquote> <p>This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers. However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number is a signed integer, an unsigned integer, or a floating-point number. Therefore, three different types, <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a>, <code>number_unsigned_t</code> and <a href=../number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a> are used.</p> <p>To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> which chooses the type to use.</p> <h2 id=template-parameters>Template parameters<a class=headerlink href=#template-parameters title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <dl> <dt><code>NumberUnsignedType</code></dt> <dd>the type to store unsigned integers. It must be an <strong>unsigned integral</strong> type (<code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_integral</span></code>) with a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>numeric_limits</span></code> specialization, and it must be able to represent the absolute value of every <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a> value. Alternatively, it can be the same type as <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a>; then every integer is stored as <code>number_integer_t</code>. See <a href=../../../features/types/template_parameters/#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype>Template Parameter Requirements</a>.</dd> </dl> <h2 id=notes>Notes<a class=headerlink href=#notes title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=default-type>Default type<a class=headerlink href=#default-type title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>With the default values for <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> (<code>std::uint64_t</code>), the default type for <code>number_unsigned_t</code> is <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint64_t</span></code>.</p> <h3 id=default-behavior>Default behavior<a class=headerlink href=#default-behavior title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>The restrictions about leading zeros are not enforced in C++. Instead, leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as an octal number. Internally, the value will be stored as a decimal number. For instance, the C++ integer literal <code>010</code> will be serialized to <code>8</code>. During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.</li> </ul> <h3 id=limits>Limits<a class=headerlink href=#limits title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a> specifies:</p> <blockquote> <p>An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.</p> </blockquote> <p>When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be stored is <code>18446744073709551615</code> (UINT64_MAX) and the minimal integer number that can be stored is <code>0</code>. Integer numbers that are out of range will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor. During deserialization (from <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text or any of the binary formats), too large or small integer numbers will automatically be stored as <a href=../number_integer_t/ ><code>number_integer_t</code></a> or <a href=../number_float_t/ ><code>number_float_t</code></a>.</p> <p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a> further states:</p> <blockquote> <p>Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are in the range [-2<sup>53</sup>+1, 2<sup>53</sup>-1] are interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.</p> </blockquote> <p>As this range is a subrange (when considered in conjunction with the <code>number_integer_t</code> type) of the exactly supported range [0, UINT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.</p> <h3 id=storage>Storage<a class=headerlink href=#storage title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>Integer number values are stored directly inside a <code>basic_json</code> type.</p> <h2 id=examples>Examples<a class=headerlinLine truncated
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;iomanip&gt;</span>
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
 
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>boolalpha</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_same</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint64_t</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>number_unsigned_t</span><span class=o>&gt;::</span><span class=n>value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>endl</span><span class=p>;</span>
 <span class=p>}</span>
 </code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=kc>true</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../number_integer_t/ >number_integer_t</a> the type used to store <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> integer numbers</li> <li><a href=../number_float_t/ >number_float_t</a> the type used to store <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> floating-point numbers</li> <li><a href=../is_number_unsigned/ >is_number_unsigned</a> checks whether the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value is an unsigned integer number</li> <li><a href=../../../features/types/number_handling/ >Number Handling</a> - the article on number handling</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 2.0.0.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 14, 2026 16:28:49 UTC">October 14, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../number_integer_t/ >number_integer_t</a> the type used to store <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> integer numbers</li> <li><a href=../number_float_t/ >number_float_t</a> the type used to store <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> floating-point numbers</li> <li><a href=../is_number_unsigned/ >is_number_unsigned</a> checks whether the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value is an unsigned integer number</li> <li><a href=../../../features/types/number_handling/ >Number Handling</a> - the article on number handling</li> </ul> <h2 id=version-history>Version history<a class=headerlink href=#version-history title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li>Added in version 2.0.0.</li> <li>Can be the same type as <code>number_integer_t</code> since version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>.</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 15, 2026 18:04:42 UTC">October 15, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/index.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template para
 
 ## Template parameters
 
-`NumberUnsignedType` : the type to store unsigned integers. It must be an **unsigned integral** type (`std::is_integral`) with a `std::numeric_limits` specialization, and it must be able to represent the absolute value of every [`number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md) value. See [Template Parameter Requirements](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/types/template_parameters/#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype).
+`NumberUnsignedType` : the type to store unsigned integers. It must be an **unsigned integral** type (`std::is_integral`) with a `std::numeric_limits` specialization, and it must be able to represent the absolute value of every [`number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md) value. Alternatively, it can be the same type as [`number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md); then every integer is stored as `number_integer_t`. See [Template Parameter Requirements](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/types/template_parameters/#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype).
 
 ## Notes
 
@@ -81,3 +81,4 @@ true
 ## Version history
 
 - Added in version 2.0.0.
+- Can be the same type as `number_integer_t` since version 3.13.0 unreleased.

community/quality_assurance.md

@@ -534,6 +534,9 @@ Note: Some modern features (like C++20 ranges or filesystem support) may be disa
   headers are included.
 - [x] On Windows, the library is compiled with `<Windows.h>` being included to detect and avoid common bugs (see
   [`unit-windows_h.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-windows_h.cpp)).
+- [x] The library is compiled with Qt's keyword macros (`slots`, `signals`, `emit`, `foreach`, `forever`) being defined
+  to make sure it does not use them as identifiers (see
+  [`unit-qt_keywords.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-qt_keywords.cpp)).
 - [x] The library is compiled with exceptions disabled to support alternative means of error handling.
 
 ## Stable public API

community/quality_assurance/index.html

@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=s>-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant</span>
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=s>-Wzero-length-bounds</span>
 <span class=p>)</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> </li> </ul> <h2 id=c-standard-library-compliance>C++ standard library compliance<a class=headerlink href=#c-standard-library-compliance title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: No prerequisites</p> <p>The library has no prerequisites other than the Standard Template Library (<abbr title="Standard Template Library">STL</abbr>).</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled and tested with both <a href="https://libcxx.llvm.org">libc++</a> and <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/">libstdc++</a> to detect subtle differences or incompatibilities.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The code checked with <a href="https://include-what-you-use.org">Include What You Use (IWYU)</a> that all required standard headers are included.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> On Windows, the library is compiled with <code>&lt;Windows.h&gt;</code> being included to detect and avoid common bugs (see <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-windows_h.cpp"><code>unit-windows_h.cpp</code></a>).</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled with exceptions disabled to support alternative means of error handling.</li> </ul> <h2 id=stable-public-api>Stable public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr><a class=headerlink href=#stable-public-api title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Stable public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr></p> <p>Any change to the library does not break the public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> All public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> functions are tested with a variety of arguments.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled and tested with different template arguments for number, string, array, and object types.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> Unit tests cover all lines of the code base.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> Every exception of the library is thrown in the test suite, and the error messages and exception ids are checked.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Complete documentation</p> <p>The public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> is extensively documented.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> Every public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> function has a dedicated page in the <a href="https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/"><abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> reference documentation</a> with a self-contained code example.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> All examples in the documentation are tested, and changes in their output are treated as an error.</li> </ul> <h2 id=robust-input-processing>Robust input processing<a class=headerlink href=#robust-input-processing title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Standards compliance</p> <p>The library is compliant to <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> as defined in <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8259"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 8259</a>.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The lexer is tested with all valid Unicode code points and all prefixes of all invalid Unicode code points.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></sLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> </li> </ul> <h2 id=c-standard-library-compliance>C++ standard library compliance<a class=headerlink href=#c-standard-library-compliance title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: No prerequisites</p> <p>The library has no prerequisites other than the Standard Template Library (<abbr title="Standard Template Library">STL</abbr>).</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled and tested with both <a href="https://libcxx.llvm.org">libc++</a> and <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/">libstdc++</a> to detect subtle differences or incompatibilities.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The code checked with <a href="https://include-what-you-use.org">Include What You Use (IWYU)</a> that all required standard headers are included.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> On Windows, the library is compiled with <code>&lt;Windows.h&gt;</code> being included to detect and avoid common bugs (see <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-windows_h.cpp"><code>unit-windows_h.cpp</code></a>).</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled with Qt's keyword macros (<code>slots</code>, <code>signals</code>, <code>emit</code>, <code>foreach</code>, <code>forever</code>) being defined to make sure it does not use them as identifiers (see <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-qt_keywords.cpp"><code>unit-qt_keywords.cpp</code></a>).</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled with exceptions disabled to support alternative means of error handling.</li> </ul> <h2 id=stable-public-api>Stable public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr><a class=headerlink href=#stable-public-api title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Stable public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr></p> <p>Any change to the library does not break the public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> All public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> functions are tested with a variety of arguments.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is compiled and tested with different template arguments for number, string, array, and object types.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> Unit tests cover all lines of the code base.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> Every exception of the library is thrown in the test suite, and the error messages and exception ids are checked.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Complete documentation</p> <p>The public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> is extensively documented.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> Every public <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> function has a dedicated page in the <a href="https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/"><abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr> reference documentation</a> with a self-contained code example.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> All examples in the documentation are tested, and changes in their output are treated as an error.</li> </ul> <h2 id=robust-input-processing>Robust input processing<a class=headerlink href=#robust-input-processing title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Standards compliance</p> <p>The library is compliant to <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> as defined in <a href="https://datatracker.ieLine truncated
 <span class=c1># by every supported compiler, and tools/amalgamate/amalgamate.py strips it from</span>
 <span class=c1># single_include, so there is nothing left to fix here.</span>
 
@@ -562,4 +562,4 @@
 
 <span class=c1># for the linux (LF) line end style</span>
 <span class=na>--lineend</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s>linux</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> </li> <li class=task-list-item> <p><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The code style is checked with <a href="https://github.com/cpplint/cpplint">cpplint</a> with 61 enabled rules.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id=simple-integration>Simple integration<a class=headerlink href=#simple-integration title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Single header</p> <p>The library can be used by adding a single header to a C++ project.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> An amalgamation script is used to check if the source code is exposed as a self-contained single-header file.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The test suite is checked against the amalgamated source file as well as the individual source file.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: CMake as primary development tool</p> <p>All library functions are exposed and usable by CMake.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> All library options are exposed as <a href="https://json.nlohmann.me/integration/cmake/">CMake options</a> and tested.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is tested against relevant CMake versions:</li> <li>CMake 3.5 (the earliest supported)</li> <li>CMake 3.31.6 (the latest 3.x release)</li> <li>CMake 4.0.0 (a very recent release)</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 11, 2026 06:21:51 UTC">October 11, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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+</code></pre></div> </details> </li> <li class=task-list-item> <p><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The code style is checked with <a href="https://github.com/cpplint/cpplint">cpplint</a> with 61 enabled rules.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id=simple-integration>Simple integration<a class=headerlink href=#simple-integration title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: Single header</p> <p>The library can be used by adding a single header to a C++ project.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> An amalgamation script is used to check if the source code is exposed as a self-contained single-header file.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The test suite is checked against the amalgamated source file as well as the individual source file.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition success"> <p class=admonition-title>Requirement: CMake as primary development tool</p> <p>All library functions are exposed and usable by CMake.</p> </div> <ul class=task-list> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> All library options are exposed as <a href="https://json.nlohmann.me/integration/cmake/">CMake options</a> and tested.</li> <li class=task-list-item><label class=task-list-control><input type=checkbox disabled checked><span class=task-list-indicator></span></label> The library is tested against relevant CMake versions:</li> <li>CMake 3.5 (the earliest supported)</li> <li>CMake 3.31.6 (the latest 3.x release)</li> <li>CMake 4.0.0 (a very recent release)</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 19, 2026 20:00:31 UTC">October 19, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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community/quality_assurance/index.md

@@ -527,6 +527,7 @@ The library has no prerequisites other than the Standard Template Library (STL).
 - The library is compiled and tested with both [libc++](https://libcxx.llvm.org) and [libstdc++](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/) to detect subtle differences or incompatibilities.
 - The code checked with [Include What You Use (IWYU)](https://include-what-you-use.org) that all required standard headers are included.
 - On Windows, the library is compiled with `<Windows.h>` being included to detect and avoid common bugs (see [`unit-windows_h.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-windows_h.cpp)).
+- The library is compiled with Qt's keyword macros (`slots`, `signals`, `emit`, `foreach`, `forever`) being defined to make sure it does not use them as identifiers (see [`unit-qt_keywords.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-qt_keywords.cpp)).
 - The library is compiled with exceptions disabled to support alternative means of error handling.
 
 ## Stable public API

features/types/number_handling.md

@@ -345,8 +345,11 @@ The number types can be changed with template parameters.
       in case of overflow.
     - The type for unsigned integers must be convertible from `#!c unsigned long long`.  The type for floating-point
       numbers is used in case of overflow.
-    - The types for signed and unsigned integers must be distinct, see
+    - The type for unsigned integers can also be the same signed type as the type for signed integers (e.g.,
-      [#2573](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2573).
+      `#!c std::int64_t` for both). Then every integer is stored as a signed integer, and
+      [`is_number_unsigned()`](../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned.md) is always `#!c false`, see
+      [Template Parameter Requirements](template_parameters.md#same-type-for-both).
+    - The type for floating-point numbers must be distinct from the integer types.
     - Only `#!c double`, `#!c float`, and `#!c long double` are supported for floating-point numbers.
 
 !!! example

features/types/number_handling/index.html

@@ -59,5 +59,5 @@ val=nan
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// otherwise, take appropriate action</span>
 <span class=w>    </span><span class=c1>// ...</span>
 <span class=p>}</span>
-</code></pre></div> <p>Note this approach also has the advantage that it can react on non-numerical <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value types such as strings.</p> <p>(Example taken from <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/777#issuecomment-459968458">#777</a>.)</p> </div> <h3 id=determine-number-types>Determine number types<a class=headerlink href=#determine-number-types title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>As the example in <a href=#number-conversion>Number conversion</a> shows, there are different functions to determine the type of the stored number:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number/ ><code>is_number()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for any number type</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_integer/ ><code>is_number_integer()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for signed and unsigned integers</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/ ><code>is_number_unsigned()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for unsigned integers only</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_float/ ><code>is_number_float()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for floating-point numbers</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type_name/ ><code>type_name()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code> for any number type</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type/ ><code>type()</code></a> returns a different enumerator of <a href=../../../api/basic_json/value_t/ ><code>value_t</code></a> for all number types</li> </ul> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>function</th> <th>unsigned integer</th> <th>signed integer</th> <th>floating-point</th> <th>string</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number/ ><code>is_number()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_integer/ ><code>is_number_integer()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/ ><code>is_number_unsigned()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_float/ ><code>is_number_float()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type_name/ ><code>type_name()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"string"</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type/ ><code>type()</code></a></td> <td><code>number_unsigned</code></td> <td><code>number_integer</code></td> <td><code>number_float</code></td> <td><code>string</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=template-number-types>Template number types<a class=headerlink href=#template-number-types title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The number types can be changed with template parameters.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>position</th> <th>number type</th> <th>default type</th> <th>possible values</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>signed integers</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>int64_t</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>int32_t</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>int16_t</span></code>, etc.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>unsigned integers</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint64_t</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint32_t</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</spanLine truncated
+</code></pre></div> <p>Note this approach also has the advantage that it can react on non-numerical <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value types such as strings.</p> <p>(Example taken from <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/777#issuecomment-459968458">#777</a>.)</p> </div> <h3 id=determine-number-types>Determine number types<a class=headerlink href=#determine-number-types title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>As the example in <a href=#number-conversion>Number conversion</a> shows, there are different functions to determine the type of the stored number:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number/ ><code>is_number()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for any number type</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_integer/ ><code>is_number_integer()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for signed and unsigned integers</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/ ><code>is_number_unsigned()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for unsigned integers only</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_float/ ><code>is_number_float()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code> for floating-point numbers</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type_name/ ><code>type_name()</code></a> returns <code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code> for any number type</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type/ ><code>type()</code></a> returns a different enumerator of <a href=../../../api/basic_json/value_t/ ><code>value_t</code></a> for all number types</li> </ul> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>function</th> <th>unsigned integer</th> <th>signed integer</th> <th>floating-point</th> <th>string</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number/ ><code>is_number()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_integer/ ><code>is_number_integer()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/ ><code>is_number_unsigned()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/is_number_float/ ><code>is_number_float()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>true</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=nb>false</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type_name/ ><code>type_name()</code></a></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"number"</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=s>"string"</span></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=../../../api/basic_json/type/ ><code>type()</code></a></td> <td><code>number_unsigned</code></td> <td><code>number_integer</code></td> <td><code>number_float</code></td> <td><code>string</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=template-number-types>Template number types<a class=headerlink href=#template-number-types title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p>The number types can be changed with template parameters.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>position</th> <th>number type</th> <th>default type</th> <th>possible values</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>signed integers</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>int64_t</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>int32_t</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>int16_t</span></code>, etc.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>unsigned integers</td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint64_t</span></code></td> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint32_t</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</spanLine truncated
-</span></code></pre></div> <p>Note values should then be parsed with <code>json_ld::parse</code> rather than <code>json::parse</code> as the latter would parse floating-point values to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>double</span></code> before then converting them to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>long</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>double</span></code>.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 14, 2026 15:38:37 UTC">October 14, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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+</span></code></pre></div> <p>Note values should then be parsed with <code>json_ld::parse</code> rather than <code>json::parse</code> as the latter would parse floating-point values to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>double</span></code> before then converting them to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>long</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>double</span></code>.</p> </div> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 15, 2026 18:04:42 UTC">October 15, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 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features/types/number_handling/index.md

@@ -280,7 +280,8 @@ Constraints on number types
 
 - The type for signed integers must be convertible from `long long`. The type for floating-point numbers is used in case of overflow.
 - The type for unsigned integers must be convertible from `unsigned long long`. The type for floating-point numbers is used in case of overflow.
-- The types for signed and unsigned integers must be distinct, see [#2573](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2573).
+- The type for unsigned integers can also be the same signed type as the type for signed integers (e.g., `std::int64_t` for both). Then every integer is stored as a signed integer, and [`is_number_unsigned()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/index.md) is always `false`, see [Template Parameter Requirements](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/types/template_parameters/#same-type-for-both).
+- The type for floating-point numbers must be distinct from the integer types.
 - Only `double`, `float`, and `long double` are supported for floating-point numbers.
 
 Example

features/types/template_parameters.md

@@ -40,19 +40,19 @@ Requirements are split into two groups:
 
 ## Overview
 
-| Template parameter                                                | Default                           | Notable substitutes                                                   |
+| Template parameter                                                | Default                           | Notable substitutes                                                                              |
-|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| [`ObjectType`](#objecttype)                                       | `std::map`                        | [`nlohmann::ordered_map`](../../api/ordered_map.md), Abseil hash maps |
+| [`ObjectType`](#objecttype)                                       | `std::map`                        | [`nlohmann::ordered_map`](../../api/ordered_map.md), Abseil hash maps                            |
-| [`ArrayType`](#arraytype)                                         | `std::vector`                     | `#!cpp std::deque`                                                    |
+| [`ArrayType`](#arraytype)                                         | `std::vector`                     | `#!cpp std::deque`                                                                               |
-| [`StringType`](#stringtype)                                       | `std::string`                     | `std::string`-like types over `char`                                  |
+| [`StringType`](#stringtype)                                       | `std::string`                     | `std::string`-like types over `char`                                                             |
-| [`BooleanType`](#booleantype)                                     | `bool`                            | none worth using                                                      |
+| [`BooleanType`](#booleantype)                                     | `bool`                            | none worth using                                                                                 |
-| [`NumberIntegerType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype)  | `std::int64_t`                    | any signed integer type                                               |
+| [`NumberIntegerType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype)  | `std::int64_t`                    | any signed integer type                                                                          |
-| [`NumberUnsignedType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype) | `std::uint64_t`                   | any unsigned integer type at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`     |
+| [`NumberUnsignedType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype) | `std::uint64_t`                   | any unsigned integer type at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`, or `NumberIntegerType` itself |
-| [`NumberFloatType`](#numberfloattype)                             | `double`                          | `float` (`long double`: no binary formats)                            |
+| [`NumberFloatType`](#numberfloattype)                             | `double`                          | `float` (`long double`: no binary formats)                                                       |
-| [`AllocatorType`](#allocatortype)                                 | `std::allocator`                  | stateless allocators                                                  |
+| [`AllocatorType`](#allocatortype)                                 | `std::allocator`                  | stateless allocators                                                                             |
-| [`JSONSerializer`](#jsonserializer)                               | `adl_serializer`                  | serializers with the same interface                                   |
+| [`JSONSerializer`](#jsonserializer)                               | `adl_serializer`                  | serializers with the same interface                                                              |
-| [`BinaryType`](#binarytype)                                       | `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>` | `#!cpp std::vector<char>`                                             |
+| [`BinaryType`](#binarytype)                                       | `#!cpp std::vector<std::uint8_t>` | `#!cpp std::vector<char>`                                                                        |
-| [`CustomBaseClass`](#custombaseclass)                             | `void`                            | any default-constructible class                                       |
+| [`CustomBaseClass`](#custombaseclass)                             | `void`                            | any default-constructible class                                                                  |
 
 !!! warning "Third-party containers and incomplete types"
 
@@ -1030,13 +1030,14 @@ Both types are stored **directly** inside `basic_json`'s union.
 ### Always required
 
 - `#!cpp std::is_integral` must be satisfied: `NumberIntegerType` must be a **signed** integer type,
-  `NumberUnsignedType` an **unsigned** integer type. Class types are not supported -- among others, the constructors
+  `NumberUnsignedType` an **unsigned** integer type or the same type as `NumberIntegerType` (see
-  taking integer values are constrained on `#!cpp std::is_integral`.
+  [below](#same-type-for-both)). Class types are not supported -- among others, the constructors taking integer values
+  are constrained on `#!cpp std::is_integral`.
 - Trivially default-constructible, trivially copyable, and trivially destructible (union member).
 - `#!cpp std::numeric_limits` must be specialized for both types.
-- `NumberUnsignedType` must be able to represent the absolute value of every `NumberIntegerType` value; serialization
+- An unsigned `NumberUnsignedType` must be able to represent the absolute value of every `NumberIntegerType` value;
-  of negative numbers converts the value to `NumberUnsignedType`. A `#!cpp static_assert` requires it to be at least as
+  serialization of negative numbers converts the value to `NumberUnsignedType`. A `#!cpp static_assert` requires it to
-  wide as `NumberIntegerType`, which is what that amounts to for the standard integer types.
+  be at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`, which is what that amounts to for the standard integer types.
 - Both types must fit into the internal 64-character number buffer used by
   [`dump`](../../api/basic_json/dump.md), which is the case for all standard integer types.
 - [`std::hash<basic_json>`](../../api/basic_json/std_hash.md) additionally requires `#!cpp std::hash` specializations.
@@ -1048,6 +1049,23 @@ is stored as [`number_float_t`](../../api/basic_json/number_float_t.md) instead.
 therefore silently changes parse results rather than raising an error. See
 [Number Handling](number_handling.md) for details.
 
+#### Same type for both
+
+`NumberUnsignedType` may be the same type as `NumberIntegerType`, e.g.
+`#!cpp nlohmann::json::with_integers_t<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>` (see
+[`with_integers_t`](../../api/basic_json/with_t.md)), for code that only wants to handle one integer type. Such a `basic_json` stores every integer as
+[`number_integer_t`](../../api/basic_json/number_integer_t.md):
+
+- [`is_number_unsigned()`](../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned.md) is always `#!cpp false`, and
+  [`type()`](../../api/basic_json/type.md) never returns `value_t::number_unsigned`. Constructing a value from
+  `value_t::number_unsigned` gives a `value_t::number_integer` value.
+- Values of unsigned C++ types (e.g., `#!cpp 5u`) are converted to `NumberIntegerType`, so values above its maximum
+  wrap around, as values outside the range of a narrower `NumberIntegerType` already do.
+- The parsers store a non-negative integer above the maximum of `NumberIntegerType` (e.g., `18446744073709551615` for
+  `#!cpp std::int64_t`) as [`number_float_t`](../../api/basic_json/number_float_t.md), like any other integer that does
+  not fit.
+- Converting from a `basic_json` with distinct types turns its unsigned values into `number_integer_t` values.
+
 ### Compatible types
 
 | Type pair                                                                                    | Support                                                                                                                                                                                          |
@@ -1055,8 +1073,9 @@ therefore silently changes parse results rather than raising an error. See
 | `#!cpp std::int64_t` / `#!cpp std::uint64_t` (default)                                       | full                                                                                                                                                                                             |
 | `#!cpp std::int32_t` / `#!cpp std::uint32_t`, `#!cpp long long` / `#!cpp unsigned long long` | full; narrower types change which literals the parser can represent                                                                                                                              |
 | any other pair of standard signed/unsigned integer types                                     | full                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| the same signed integer type for both, e.g. `#!cpp std::int64_t` / `#!cpp std::int64_t`      | full; every integer is stored as `number_integer_t`, see [above](#same-type-for-both)                                                                                                            |
 | class types, enumerations                                                                    | not usable; `#!cpp std::is_integral` must hold                                                                                                                                                   |
-| `#!cpp bool`, or a type already used for another member of the union                         | not usable; `#!cpp std::is_integral<bool>` is in fact `#!cpp true`, but the `get_impl_ptr` overloads for `boolean_t`, `number_integer_t`, `number_unsigned_t` and `number_float_t` would collide |
+| `#!cpp bool`, `number_float_t`, or the type of another member of the union                  | not usable; `#!cpp std::is_integral<bool>` is in fact `#!cpp true`, but the `get_impl_ptr` overloads for `boolean_t`, `number_integer_t`, `number_unsigned_t` and `number_float_t` would collide |
 
 ## `NumberFloatType`
 

features/types/template_parameters/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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+<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/features/types/template_parameters/" rel="canonical"><link href=../number_handling/ rel=prev><link href=../../../integration/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>Template Parameter Requirements - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new 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 <span class=w>                            </span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w>                                    </span><span class=c1>// mapped_type</span>
 <span class=w>                            </span><span class=n>default_object_comparator_t</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w>                   </span><span class=c1>// key_compare</span>
 <span class=w>                            </span><span class=n>AllocatorType</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>pair</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>StringType</span><span class=p>,</span>
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@
 <span class=w>  </span><span class=nt>"pi"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mf>3.141</span>
 <span class=p>}</span>
 <span class=kc>true</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=booleantype><code>BooleanType</code><a class=headerlink href=#booleantype title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><code>boolean_t</code> is stored <strong>directly</strong> inside <code>basic_json</code>, as a member of an anonymous union.</p> <h3 id=always-required_3>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_3 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>A literal type that is trivially default-constructible, trivially copyable, and trivially destructible; otherwise the union's special member functions are deleted.</li> <li><strong>Implicitly</strong> convertible from <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> -- an <code class=highlight><span class=k>explicit</span></code> constructor is not enough, because the <code>to_json</code> overload for a custom <code>BooleanType</code> is constrained on <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_convertible</span></code> -- and contextually convertible to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> (here an <code class=highlight><span class=k>explicit</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>operator</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span></code> is fine).</li> <li>Comparison operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;=</code> (or <code>&lt;=&gt;</code>).</li> <li>Convertible from and to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> through the serializer, because <a href=../../../api/basic_json/get/ ><code>get&lt;bool&gt;()</code></a> is used internally.</li> </ul> <p>There is little reason to use anything other than <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> here.</p> <h3 id=compatible-types_1>Compatible types<a class=headerlink href=#compatible-types_1 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p><code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> is the only usable choice. Another trivially copyable type that is implicitly convertible to and from <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> -- <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span></code>, say -- does compile, and <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> booleans still round-trip, but the type then serves as both <code>boolean_t</code> and an ordinary integer: <code>basic_json</code> can no longer be constructed or assigned from a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span></code> at all (the boolean and unsigned-integer <code>to_json</code> overloads become ambiguous), and <a href=../../../api/basic_json/get/ ><code>get&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;()</code></a> on a number throws <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptiontype_error302><code>type_error.302</code></a> instead of returning the value.</p> <h2 id=numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype><code>NumberIntegerType</code> and <code>NumberUnsignedType</code><a class=headerlink href=#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Both types are stored <strong>directly</strong> inside <code>basic_json</code>'s union.</p> <h3 id=always-required_4>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_4 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_integral</span></code> must be satisfied: <code>NumberIntegerType</code> must be a <strong>signed</strong> integer type, <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> an <strong>unsigned</strong> integer type. Class types are not supported -- among others, the constructors taking integer values are constrained on <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_integral</span></code>.</li> <li>Trivially default-constructible, trivially copyable, and trivially destructible (union member).</li> <li><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>numeric_limits</span></code> must be specialized for both types.</li> <li><code>NumberUnsignedType</code> must be able to represent the absolute value of every <code>NumberIntegerType</code> value; serialization of negative numbers converts the value to <code>NumberUnsignedType</code>. A <code class=highlight><span class=k>static_assert</span></code> requires it to be at least as wide as <code>NumberIntegerType</code>, which is what that amounts to for the standard integer types.</li> <li>Both types must fit into the internal 64-character number buffer used by <a href=../../../api/basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump</code></a>, which is the case for all standard integer types.</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/std_hash/ ><code>std::hash&lt;basic_json&gt;</code></a> additionally requires <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>hash</span></code> specializations.</li> </ul> <h3 id=notes_1>Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=booleantype><code>BooleanType</code><a class=headerlink href=#booleantype title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><code>boolean_t</code> is stored <strong>directly</strong> inside <code>basic_json</code>, as a member of an anonymous union.</p> <h3 id=always-required_3>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_3 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>A literal type that is trivially default-constructible, trivially copyable, and trivially destructible; otherwise the union's special member functions are deleted.</li> <li><strong>Implicitly</strong> convertible from <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> -- an <code class=highlight><span class=k>explicit</span></code> constructor is not enough, because the <code>to_json</code> overload for a custom <code>BooleanType</code> is constrained on <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_convertible</span></code> -- and contextually convertible to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> (here an <code class=highlight><span class=k>explicit</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>operator</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>bool</span></code> is fine).</li> <li>Comparison operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;=</code> (or <code>&lt;=&gt;</code>).</li> <li>Convertible from and to <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> through the serializer, because <a href=../../../api/basic_json/get/ ><code>get&lt;bool&gt;()</code></a> is used internally.</li> </ul> <p>There is little reason to use anything other than <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> here.</p> <h3 id=compatible-types_1>Compatible types<a class=headerlink href=#compatible-types_1 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p><code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> is the only usable choice. Another trivially copyable type that is implicitly convertible to and from <code class=highlight><span class=kt>bool</span></code> -- <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span></code>, say -- does compile, and <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> booleans still round-trip, but the type then serves as both <code>boolean_t</code> and an ordinary integer: <code>basic_json</code> can no longer be constructed or assigned from a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span></code> at all (the boolean and unsigned-integer <code>to_json</code> overloads become ambiguous), and <a href=../../../api/basic_json/get/ ><code>get&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;()</code></a> on a number throws <a href=../../../home/exceptions/#jsonexceptiontype_error302><code>type_error.302</code></a> instead of returning the value.</p> <h2 id=numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype><code>NumberIntegerType</code> and <code>NumberUnsignedType</code><a class=headerlink href=#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Both types are stored <strong>directly</strong> inside <code>basic_json</code>'s union.</p> <h3 id=always-required_4>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_4 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_integral</span></code> must be satisfied: <code>NumberIntegerType</code> must be a <strong>signed</strong> integer type, <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> an <strong>unsigned</strong> integer type or the same type as <code>NumberIntegerType</code> (see <a href=#same-type-for-both>below</a>). Class types are not supported -- among others, the constructors taking integer values are constrained on <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>is_integral</span></code>.</li> <li>Trivially default-constructible, trivially copyable, and trivially destructible (union member).</li> <li><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>numeric_limits</span></code> must be specialized for both types.</li> <li>An unsigned <code>NumberUnsignedType</code> must be able to represent the absolute value of every <code>NumberIntegerType</code> value; serialization of negative numbers converts the value to <code>NumberUnsignedType</code>. A <code class=highlight><span class=k>static_assert</span></code> requires it to be at least as wide as <code>NumberIntegerType</code>, which is what that amounts to for the standard integer types.</li> <li>Both types must fit into the internal 64-character number buffer used by <a href=../../../api/basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump</code></a>, which is the case for all standard integer types.</li> <li><a href=../../../api/basic_json/std_hash/ ><code>std::hash&lt;basic_json&gt;</code></a> additionally requires <code class=highlight><span class=n>stLine truncated
 </code></pre></div> <h3 id=always-required_8>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_8 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>A non-<code>final</code> class type -- <a href=../../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/ ><code>byte_container_with_subtype</code></a> derives from it publicly.</li> <li>A member type <code>value_type</code> that is <strong>exactly one byte</strong> wide (e.g., <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=kt>char</span></code>, or <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>byte</span></code>). Readers and writers reinterpret the container's storage as raw bytes, so a wider <code>value_type</code> is rejected with a <code class=highlight><span class=k>static_assert</span></code>.</li> <li>Contiguous storage: the binary readers <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>memcpy</span></code> into <code class=highlight><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=n>binary</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=n>n</span><span class=p>]</span></code>, the writers <code>reinterpret_cast</code> <code>data()</code>. <code class=highlight><span class=n>data</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>+</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>n</span></code> would do for the readers too, but they share one helper with <a href=#stringtype><code>StringType</code></a>, whose non-<code class=highlight><span class=k>const</span></code> <code>data()</code> is C++17 and later only.</li> <li>Default-constructible, copy-constructible, and move-constructible.</li> <li>Member functions <code>size()</code>, <code>empty()</code>, <code>data()</code>, <code>resize()</code>, <code>operator[]</code>, <code>back()</code>, <code>begin()</code>, <code>end()</code>, <code>cbegin()</code>, and <code>cend()</code> with random-access iterators, and <code>insert(pos, first, last)</code>, which the <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> reader uses to join the chunks of an indefinite-length byte string. <code>push_back()</code> is <strong>not</strong> required.</li> <li>Comparison operators: <code>==</code> is used by <a href=../../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/ ><code>byte_container_with_subtype</code></a>, the relational operators by <a href=../../../api/basic_json/operator_le/ ><code>basic_json</code>'s comparison operators</a>.</li> </ul> <h3 id=required-for-individual-functions_1>Required for individual functions<a class=headerlink href=#required-for-individual-functions_1 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><code>clear()</code>, for <a href=../../../api/basic_json/clear/ ><code>basic_json::clear()</code></a>.</li> </ul> <p><code>max_size()</code>, <code>at()</code>, <code>reserve()</code>, <code>erase()</code>, <code>pop_back()</code>, and <code>emplace_back()</code> are <strong>not</strong> used at all.</p> <p>See <a href=../../../api/basic_json/binary_t/ ><code>binary_t</code></a> for how a non-default <code>BinaryType</code> changes the meaning of assigning such a container to a <code>basic_json</code> value.</p> <div class="admonition tip"> <p class=admonition-title>Reference implementation</p> <p><code>docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/custom_binary_type.hpp</code> wraps a private <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code> and satisfies every requirement above -- a good starting point for a custom <code>BinaryType</code>.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=cp>#pragma once</span>
 
 <span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;cstdint&gt;</span>
@@ -678,4 +678,4 @@
 <span class=p>}</span>
 </code></pre></div> <p>Output:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>"bytes"</span><span class=p>:[</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>],</span><span class=nt>"subtype"</span><span class=p>:</span><span class=kc>null</span><span class=p>}</span>
 <span class=kc>true</span>
-</code></pre></div> </details> <h3 id=compatible-containers_2>Compatible containers<a class=headerlink href=#compatible-containers_2 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Container</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code> (default)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>byte</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code></td> <td><code>dump()</code> writes the bytes as 0..255 whichever is used</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>boost::container::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;</code>, <code>boost::container::small_vector&lt;std::uint8_t, N&gt;</code></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>absl::InlinedVector&lt;std::uint8_t, N&gt;</code></td> <td>usable here, unlike as an <code>ArrayType</code>, because the value type is complete</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>eastl::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;</code></td> <td>usable here, unlike as an <code>ArrayType</code>, because <code>max_size()</code> is not needed</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>folly::fbvector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;</code></td> <td>requires C++20, see the note above</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=containers-that-cannot-be-used_2>Containers that cannot be used<a class=headerlink href=#containers-that-cannot-be-used_2 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Container</th> <th>Reason</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>QByteArray</code></td> <td>no <code>empty()</code> (it spells that <code>isEmpty()</code>); its <code>insert</code> takes an index rather than an iterator; and it converts to <code>string_t</code>, which makes <code>to_json</code> ambiguous between a string and a binary value</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span></code></td> <td><code>binary_t::container_type</code> and <code>string_t</code> would be the same type, so the two <a href=../../../api/basic_json/swap/ ><code>swap</code></a> overloads collide and <code>basic_json</code> cannot be instantiated at all</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>deque</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code></td> <td>storage is not contiguous, so there is no <code>data()</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>containers whose <code>value_type</code> is wider than one byte</td> <td>see above -- accepted by the compiler, wrong at runtime</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=custombaseclass><code>CustomBaseClass</code><a class=headerlink href=#custombaseclass title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><code>CustomBaseClass</code> is an extension point: unless it is <code class=highlight><span class=kt>void</span></code> (the default, which selects the empty <code>nlohmann::json_default_base</code>), <code>basic_json</code> publicly derives from it.</p> <h3 id=always-required_9>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_9 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>A non-<code>final</code>, default-constructible class type.</li> <li><code>basic_json</code> is copy-/move-constructible and copy-/move-assignable only if <code>CustomBaseClass</code> is.</li> </ul> <h3 id=notes_2>Notes<a class=headerlink href=#notes_2 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p><code>basic_json</code> is documented to be a <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/StandardLayoutType">StandardLayoutType</a>. Because <code>basic_json</code> has non-static data members of its own, a <code>CustomBaseClass</code> with non-static data members forfeits this guarantee.</p> <p>Note the namespace of <code>CustomBaseClass</code> becomes an associated namespace of <code>basic_json</code> for the purpose of argument-dependent lookup.</p> <p>See <a href=../../../api/basic_json/json_base_class_t/ ><code>json_base_class_t</code></a> for an example.</p> <h3 id=compatible-types_6>Compatible types<a class=headerlink href=#compatible-types_6 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=kt>void</span></code> (default)</td> <td>an empty base class is used; no effect on <code>basic_json</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>any default-constructible, non-<code>final</code> class</td> <td>full; see <a href=../../../api/basic_json/json_base_class_t/ ><code>json_base_class_t</code></a></td> </tr>Line truncated
+</code></pre></div> </details> <h3 id=compatible-containers_2>Compatible containers<a class=headerlink href=#compatible-containers_2 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Container</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code> (default)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>byte</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code></td> <td><code>dump()</code> writes the bytes as 0..255 whichever is used</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>boost::container::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;</code>, <code>boost::container::small_vector&lt;std::uint8_t, N&gt;</code></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>absl::InlinedVector&lt;std::uint8_t, N&gt;</code></td> <td>usable here, unlike as an <code>ArrayType</code>, because the value type is complete</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>eastl::vector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;</code></td> <td>usable here, unlike as an <code>ArrayType</code>, because <code>max_size()</code> is not needed</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>folly::fbvector&lt;std::uint8_t&gt;</code></td> <td>requires C++20, see the note above</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=containers-that-cannot-be-used_2>Containers that cannot be used<a class=headerlink href=#containers-that-cannot-be-used_2 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Container</th> <th>Reason</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>QByteArray</code></td> <td>no <code>empty()</code> (it spells that <code>isEmpty()</code>); its <code>insert</code> takes an index rather than an iterator; and it converts to <code>string_t</code>, which makes <code>to_json</code> ambiguous between a string and a binary value</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span></code></td> <td><code>binary_t::container_type</code> and <code>string_t</code> would be the same type, so the two <a href=../../../api/basic_json/swap/ ><code>swap</code></a> overloads collide and <code>basic_json</code> cannot be instantiated at all</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>deque</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=kt>uint8_t</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code></td> <td>storage is not contiguous, so there is no <code>data()</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>containers whose <code>value_type</code> is wider than one byte</td> <td>see above -- accepted by the compiler, wrong at runtime</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=custombaseclass><code>CustomBaseClass</code><a class=headerlink href=#custombaseclass title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><code>CustomBaseClass</code> is an extension point: unless it is <code class=highlight><span class=kt>void</span></code> (the default, which selects the empty <code>nlohmann::json_default_base</code>), <code>basic_json</code> publicly derives from it.</p> <h3 id=always-required_9>Always required<a class=headerlink href=#always-required_9 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li>A non-<code>final</code>, default-constructible class type.</li> <li><code>basic_json</code> is copy-/move-constructible and copy-/move-assignable only if <code>CustomBaseClass</code> is.</li> </ul> <h3 id=notes_2>Notes<a class=headerlink href=#notes_2 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <p><code>basic_json</code> is documented to be a <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/StandardLayoutType">StandardLayoutType</a>. Because <code>basic_json</code> has non-static data members of its own, a <code>CustomBaseClass</code> with non-static data members forfeits this guarantee.</p> <p>Note the namespace of <code>CustomBaseClass</code> becomes an associated namespace of <code>basic_json</code> for the purpose of argument-dependent lookup.</p> <p>See <a href=../../../api/basic_json/json_base_class_t/ ><code>json_base_class_t</code></a> for an example.</p> <h3 id=compatible-types_6>Compatible types<a class=headerlink href=#compatible-types_6 title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code class=highlight><span class=kt>void</span></code> (default)</td> <td>an empty base class is used; no effect on <code>basic_json</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>any default-constructible, non-<code>final</code> class</td> <td>full; see <a href=../../../api/basic_json/json_base_class_t/ ><code>json_base_class_t</code></a></td> </tr>Line truncated

features/types/template_parameters/index.md

@@ -21,19 +21,19 @@ Three requirements are checked with a `static_assert`: the array iterator catego
 
 ## Overview
 
-| Template parameter                                                | Default                     | Notable substitutes                                                                            |
+| Template parameter                                                | Default                     | Notable substitutes                                                                              |
-| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| [`ObjectType`](#objecttype)                                       | `std::map`                  | [`nlohmann::ordered_map`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_map/index.md), Abseil hash maps |
+| [`ObjectType`](#objecttype)                                       | `std::map`                  | [`nlohmann::ordered_map`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/ordered_map/index.md), Abseil hash maps   |
-| [`ArrayType`](#arraytype)                                         | `std::vector`               | `std::deque`                                                                                   |
+| [`ArrayType`](#arraytype)                                         | `std::vector`               | `std::deque`                                                                                     |
-| [`StringType`](#stringtype)                                       | `std::string`               | `std::string`-like types over `char`                                                           |
+| [`StringType`](#stringtype)                                       | `std::string`               | `std::string`-like types over `char`                                                             |
-| [`BooleanType`](#booleantype)                                     | `bool`                      | none worth using                                                                               |
+| [`BooleanType`](#booleantype)                                     | `bool`                      | none worth using                                                                                 |
-| [`NumberIntegerType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype)  | `std::int64_t`              | any signed integer type                                                                        |
+| [`NumberIntegerType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype)  | `std::int64_t`              | any signed integer type                                                                          |
-| [`NumberUnsignedType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype) | `std::uint64_t`             | any unsigned integer type at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`                              |
+| [`NumberUnsignedType`](#numberintegertype-and-numberunsignedtype) | `std::uint64_t`             | any unsigned integer type at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`, or `NumberIntegerType` itself |
-| [`NumberFloatType`](#numberfloattype)                             | `double`                    | `float` (`long double`: no binary formats)                                                     |
+| [`NumberFloatType`](#numberfloattype)                             | `double`                    | `float` (`long double`: no binary formats)                                                       |
-| [`AllocatorType`](#allocatortype)                                 | `std::allocator`            | stateless allocators                                                                           |
+| [`AllocatorType`](#allocatortype)                                 | `std::allocator`            | stateless allocators                                                                             |
-| [`JSONSerializer`](#jsonserializer)                               | `adl_serializer`            | serializers with the same interface                                                            |
+| [`JSONSerializer`](#jsonserializer)                               | `adl_serializer`            | serializers with the same interface                                                              |
-| [`BinaryType`](#binarytype)                                       | `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` | `std::vector<char>`                                                                            |
+| [`BinaryType`](#binarytype)                                       | `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` | `std::vector<char>`                                                                              |
-| [`CustomBaseClass`](#custombaseclass)                             | `void`                      | any default-constructible class                                                                |
+| [`CustomBaseClass`](#custombaseclass)                             | `void`                      | any default-constructible class                                                                  |
 
 Third-party containers and incomplete types
 
@@ -885,10 +885,10 @@ Both types are stored **directly** inside `basic_json`'s union.
 
 ### Always required
 
-- `std::is_integral` must be satisfied: `NumberIntegerType` must be a **signed** integer type, `NumberUnsignedType` an **unsigned** integer type. Class types are not supported -- among others, the constructors taking integer values are constrained on `std::is_integral`.
+- `std::is_integral` must be satisfied: `NumberIntegerType` must be a **signed** integer type, `NumberUnsignedType` an **unsigned** integer type or the same type as `NumberIntegerType` (see [below](#same-type-for-both)). Class types are not supported -- among others, the constructors taking integer values are constrained on `std::is_integral`.
 - Trivially default-constructible, trivially copyable, and trivially destructible (union member).
 - `std::numeric_limits` must be specialized for both types.
-- `NumberUnsignedType` must be able to represent the absolute value of every `NumberIntegerType` value; serialization of negative numbers converts the value to `NumberUnsignedType`. A `static_assert` requires it to be at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`, which is what that amounts to for the standard integer types.
+- An unsigned `NumberUnsignedType` must be able to represent the absolute value of every `NumberIntegerType` value; serialization of negative numbers converts the value to `NumberUnsignedType`. A `static_assert` requires it to be at least as wide as `NumberIntegerType`, which is what that amounts to for the standard integer types.
 - Both types must fit into the internal 64-character number buffer used by [`dump`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/dump/index.md), which is the case for all standard integer types.
 - [`std::hash<basic_json>`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/std_hash/index.md) additionally requires `std::hash` specializations.
 
@@ -896,15 +896,25 @@ Both types are stored **directly** inside `basic_json`'s union.
 
 The number types influence what the parser accepts: an integer literal that does not round-trip through the chosen type is stored as [`number_float_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_float_t/index.md) instead. Choosing types narrower than 64 bits therefore silently changes parse results rather than raising an error. See [Number Handling](https://json.nlohmann.me/features/types/number_handling/index.md) for details.
 
+#### Same type for both
+
+`NumberUnsignedType` may be the same type as `NumberIntegerType`, e.g. `nlohmann::json::with_integers_t<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>` (see [`with_integers_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/with_t/index.md)), for code that only wants to handle one integer type. Such a `basic_json` stores every integer as [`number_integer_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_integer_t/index.md):
+
+- [`is_number_unsigned()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/index.md) is always `false`, and [`type()`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/type/index.md) never returns `value_t::number_unsigned`. Constructing a value from `value_t::number_unsigned` gives a `value_t::number_integer` value.
+- Values of unsigned C++ types (e.g., `5u`) are converted to `NumberIntegerType`, so values above its maximum wrap around, as values outside the range of a narrower `NumberIntegerType` already do.
+- The parsers store a non-negative integer above the maximum of `NumberIntegerType` (e.g., `18446744073709551615` for `std::int64_t`) as [`number_float_t`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/number_float_t/index.md), like any other integer that does not fit.
+- Converting from a `basic_json` with distinct types turns its unsigned values into `number_integer_t` values.
+
 ### Compatible types
 
-| Type pair                                                            | Support                                                                                                                                                                              |
+| Type pair                                                                   | Support                                                                                                                                                                              |
-| -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| `std::int64_t` / `std::uint64_t` (default)                           | full                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| `std::int64_t` / `std::uint64_t` (default)                                  | full                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| `std::int32_t` / `std::uint32_t`, `long long` / `unsigned long long` | full; narrower types change which literals the parser can represent                                                                                                                  |
+| `std::int32_t` / `std::uint32_t`, `long long` / `unsigned long long`        | full; narrower types change which literals the parser can represent                                                                                                                  |
-| any other pair of standard signed/unsigned integer types             | full                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| any other pair of standard signed/unsigned integer types                    | full                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-| class types, enumerations                                            | not usable; `std::is_integral` must hold                                                                                                                                             |
+| the same signed integer type for both, e.g. `std::int64_t` / `std::int64_t` | full; every integer is stored as `number_integer_t`, see [above](#same-type-for-both)                                                                                                |
-| `bool`, or a type already used for another member of the union       | not usable; `std::is_integral<bool>` is in fact `true`, but the `get_impl_ptr` overloads for `boolean_t`, `number_integer_t`, `number_unsigned_t` and `number_float_t` would collide |
+| class types, enumerations                                                   | not usable; `std::is_integral` must hold                                                                                                                                             |
+| `bool`, `number_float_t`, or the type of another member of the union        | not usable; `std::is_integral<bool>` is in fact `true`, but the `get_impl_ptr` overloads for `boolean_t`, `number_integer_t`, `number_unsigned_t` and `number_float_t` would collide |
 
 ## `NumberFloatType`
 

home/releases.md

@@ -9,6 +9,15 @@ published on the [GitHub releases page](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/release
     This documentation is built from the `develop` branch and may describe changes that are not part of a release
     yet. Their version numbers are followed by an <span class="unreleased-version">unreleased</span> badge.
 
+## Unreleased
+
+- Converting an rvalue container to JSON (`json j = std::move(vec);`, `json j = std::map<std::string, std::string>{...};`)
+  now **moves** the elements instead of copying them (e.g., `std::vector<std::string>` with 100,000 strings: 4.7 ms to
+  2.3 ms). Two consequences: the source container is left in a valid but unspecified (moved-from) state, and if an
+  exception is thrown during the conversion, the source may be partially moved-from, so the strong exception guarantee
+  no longer holds for the source of an rvalue conversion (the JSON value itself is unaffected). Lvalues and `const`
+  objects are still copied. See [`basic_json`](../api/basic_json/basic_json.md).
+
 ## v3.12.0 (2025-04-11)
 
 Fixes bugs found in 3.11.3 and adds several features. All changes are backward-compatible.

home/releases/index.html

@@ -1 +1 @@
-<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/home/releases/" rel="canonical"><link href=../exceptions/ rel=prev><link href=../design_goals/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>Releases - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#releases class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title="JSON for Modern C++" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="JSON for Modern C++" data-md-component=logo> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3m0 3.54C9.64 9.35 6.5 8 3 8v11c3.5 0 6.64 1.35 9 3.54 2.36-2.19 5.5-3.54 9-3.54V8c-3.5 0-6.64 1.35-9 3.54"/></svg> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON for Modern C++ </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> Releases </span> </div> </div> </div> <form class=md-header__option data-md-component=palette> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type=radio name=__palette 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6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-search data-md-comLine truncated
+<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/home/releases/" rel="canonical"><link href=../exceptions/ rel=prev><link href=../design_goals/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>Releases - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/external/fonts.googleapis.com/css.61a430c9.css"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"JetBrains Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#releases class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title="JSON for Modern C++" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="JSON for Modern C++" data-md-component=logo> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3m0 3.54C9.64 9.35 6.5 8 3 8v11c3.5 0 6.64 1.35 9 3.54 2.36-2.19 5.5-3.54 9-3.54V8c-3.5 0-6.64 1.35-9 3.54"/></svg> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON for Modern C++ </span> </div> <div class=md-header__topic data-md-component=header-topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> Releases </span> </div> </div> </div> <form class=md-header__option data-md-component=palette> <input class=md-option data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-color-primary=indigo data-md-color-accent=indigo aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type=radio name=__palette 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23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg> </label> </form> <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__search> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-search data-md-comLine truncated

home/releases/index.md

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ Unreleased changes
 
 This documentation is built from the `develop` branch and may describe changes that are not part of a release yet. Their version numbers are followed by an unreleased badge.
 
+## Unreleased
+
+- Converting an rvalue container to JSON (`json j = std::move(vec);`, `json j = std::map<std::string, std::string>{...};`) now **moves** the elements instead of copying them (e.g., `std::vector<std::string>` with 100,000 strings: 4.7 ms to 2.3 ms). Two consequences: the source container is left in a valid but unspecified (moved-from) state, and if an exception is thrown during the conversion, the source may be partially moved-from, so the strong exception guarantee no longer holds for the source of an rvalue conversion (the JSON value itself is unaffected). Lvalues and `const` objects are still copied. See [`basic_json`](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/basic_json/index.md).
+
 ## v3.12.0 (2025-04-11)
 
 Fixes bugs found in 3.11.3 and adds several features. All changes are backward-compatible.

search/search_index.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"config":{"lang":["en"],"separator":"[\\s\\-\\.]","pipeline":["stopWordFilter"],"fields":{"title":{"boost":1000.0},"text":{"boost":1.0},"tags":{"boost":1000000.0}}},"docs":[{"location":"","title":"JSON for Modern C++","text":"<p>JSON for Modern C++ is a header-only C++11 library that turns JSON into a first-class C++ data type, using the operator magic of modern C++ so that creating, reading, and modifying JSON values feels as natural as it does in languages like Python. The whole library is available as a single header, <code>json.hpp</code>, with no dependencies, no subproject, and no complex build system to set up; a companion header, <code>json_fwd.hpp</code>, provides forward declarations to keep compile times down. See header-only integration for details. It is heavily unit-tested with 100% code coverage, checked with Valgrind and the Clang Sanitizers for memory leaks, and continuously fuzz-tested by Google OSS-Fuzz.</p>"},{"location":"#quick-start","title":"Quick start","text":"<p>Add the single header to your project and use the library like this:</p> <pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;\n#include &lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;\n\nusing json = nlohmann::json;\n\nint main()\n{\n    // parse a JSON string\n    json j = json::parse(R\"({\"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141})\");\n\n    // access and modify values\n    j[\"name\"] = \"Niels\";\n    j[\"list\"] = {1, 0, 2};\n\n    // serialize with an indent of 4 spaces\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; j.dump(4) &lt;&lt; '\\n';\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Get the library by copying the single header <code>json.hpp</code> from the releases page into a directory <code>nlohmann</code> on your include path, or by installing it with a package manager:</p> <pre><code>brew install nlohmann-json    # Homebrew\nvcpkg install nlohmann-json   # vcpkg\n</code></pre> <pre><code>find_package(nlohmann_json 3.12.0 REQUIRED)\ntarget_link_libraries(myproject PRIVATE nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json)\n</code></pre> <p>See Integration for CMake in detail, all supported package managers (Conan, Meson, Bazel, Conda, and more), and pkg-config.</p>"},{"location":"#explore-the-documentation","title":"Explore the documentation","text":"<ul> <li> <p> Features</p> <p>Creating, parsing, accessing, and serializing JSON values, JSON Pointer/Patch, binary formats, and more.</p> <p> Features</p> </li> <li> <p> Integration</p> <p>Add the library to your project via a single header, CMake, a package manager, or pkg-config.</p> <p> Integration</p> </li> <li> <p> API documentation</p> <p>The complete reference for <code>basic_json</code> and its member functions, types, and related classes.</p> <p> API documentation</p> </li> <li> <p> FAQ</p> <p>Answers to common questions and known surprises when using the library.</p> <p> FAQ</p> </li> <li> <p> Releases</p> <p>What changed in each release, with links to the relevant documentation.</p> <p> Releases</p> </li> <li> <p> Community</p> <p>The ecosystem, contribution guidelines, governance, and quality assurance around the project.</p> <p> Community</p> </li> </ul> <p>Unreleased changes</p> <p>This documentation is built from the <code>develop</code> branch and may describe changes that are not part of a release yet. Their version numbers are followed by an unreleased badge; see Releases for what shipped in each version.</p> <p>The library is licensed under the MIT License. The source code, issue tracker, and discussions are on GitHub.</p>"},{"location":"api/json/","title":"nlohmann::json","text":"<pre><code>using json = basic_json&lt;&gt;;\n</code></pre> <p>This type is the default specialization of the basic_json class which uses the standard template types.</p>"},{"location":"api/json/#examples","title":"Examples","text":"Example <p>The example below demonstrates how to use the type <code>nlohmann::json</code>.</p> <pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;\n#include &lt;iomanip&gt;\n#include &lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;\n\nusing json = nlohmann::json;\n\nint main()\n{\n    // create a JSON object\n    json j =\n    {\n        {\"pi\", 3.141},\n        {\"happy\", true},\n        {\"name\", \"Niels\"},\n        {\"nothing\", nullptr},\n        {\n            \"answer\", {\n                {\"everything\", 42}\n            }\n        },\n        {\"list\", {1, 0, 2}},\n        {\n            \"object\", {\n                {\"currency\", \"USD\"},\n                {\"value\", 42.99}\n            }\n        }\n    };\n\n    // add new values\n    j[\"new\"][\"key\"][\"value\"] = {\"another\", \"list\"};\n\n    // count elements\n    auto s = j.size();\n    j[\"size\"] = s;\n\n    // pretty print with indent of 4 spaces\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; std::setw(4) &lt;&lt; j &lt;&lt; '\\n';\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Output:</p> <pre><code>{\n    \"answer\": {\n        \"everything\": 42\n    },\n    \"happy\": true,\n    \"list\": [\n        1,\n        0,\n        2\n    ],\n    \"name\": \"Niels\",\n    \"new\": {\n        \"key\": {\n            \"value\": [\n                \"another\",\n    Line truncated
+{"config":{"lang":["en"],"separator":"[\\s\\-\\.]","pipeline":["stopWordFilter"],"fields":{"title":{"boost":1000.0},"text":{"boost":1.0},"tags":{"boost":1000000.0}}},"docs":[{"location":"","title":"JSON for Modern C++","text":"<p>JSON for Modern C++ is a header-only C++11 library that turns JSON into a first-class C++ data type, using the operator magic of modern C++ so that creating, reading, and modifying JSON values feels as natural as it does in languages like Python. The whole library is available as a single header, <code>json.hpp</code>, with no dependencies, no subproject, and no complex build system to set up; a companion header, <code>json_fwd.hpp</code>, provides forward declarations to keep compile times down. See header-only integration for details. It is heavily unit-tested with 100% code coverage, checked with Valgrind and the Clang Sanitizers for memory leaks, and continuously fuzz-tested by Google OSS-Fuzz.</p>"},{"location":"#quick-start","title":"Quick start","text":"<p>Add the single header to your project and use the library like this:</p> <pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;\n#include &lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;\n\nusing json = nlohmann::json;\n\nint main()\n{\n    // parse a JSON string\n    json j = json::parse(R\"({\"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141})\");\n\n    // access and modify values\n    j[\"name\"] = \"Niels\";\n    j[\"list\"] = {1, 0, 2};\n\n    // serialize with an indent of 4 spaces\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; j.dump(4) &lt;&lt; '\\n';\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Get the library by copying the single header <code>json.hpp</code> from the releases page into a directory <code>nlohmann</code> on your include path, or by installing it with a package manager:</p> <pre><code>brew install nlohmann-json    # Homebrew\nvcpkg install nlohmann-json   # vcpkg\n</code></pre> <pre><code>find_package(nlohmann_json 3.12.0 REQUIRED)\ntarget_link_libraries(myproject PRIVATE nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json)\n</code></pre> <p>See Integration for CMake in detail, all supported package managers (Conan, Meson, Bazel, Conda, and more), and pkg-config.</p>"},{"location":"#explore-the-documentation","title":"Explore the documentation","text":"<ul> <li> <p> Features</p> <p>Creating, parsing, accessing, and serializing JSON values, JSON Pointer/Patch, binary formats, and more.</p> <p> Features</p> </li> <li> <p> Integration</p> <p>Add the library to your project via a single header, CMake, a package manager, or pkg-config.</p> <p> Integration</p> </li> <li> <p> API documentation</p> <p>The complete reference for <code>basic_json</code> and its member functions, types, and related classes.</p> <p> API documentation</p> </li> <li> <p> FAQ</p> <p>Answers to common questions and known surprises when using the library.</p> <p> FAQ</p> </li> <li> <p> Releases</p> <p>What changed in each release, with links to the relevant documentation.</p> <p> Releases</p> </li> <li> <p> Community</p> <p>The ecosystem, contribution guidelines, governance, and quality assurance around the project.</p> <p> Community</p> </li> </ul> <p>Unreleased changes</p> <p>This documentation is built from the <code>develop</code> branch and may describe changes that are not part of a release yet. Their version numbers are followed by an unreleased badge; see Releases for what shipped in each version.</p> <p>The library is licensed under the MIT License. The source code, issue tracker, and discussions are on GitHub.</p>"},{"location":"api/json/","title":"nlohmann::json","text":"<pre><code>using json = basic_json&lt;&gt;;\n</code></pre> <p>This type is the default specialization of the basic_json class which uses the standard template types.</p>"},{"location":"api/json/#examples","title":"Examples","text":"Example <p>The example below demonstrates how to use the type <code>nlohmann::json</code>.</p> <pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;\n#include &lt;iomanip&gt;\n#include &lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;\n\nusing json = nlohmann::json;\n\nint main()\n{\n    // create a JSON object\n    json j =\n    {\n        {\"pi\", 3.141},\n        {\"happy\", true},\n        {\"name\", \"Niels\"},\n        {\"nothing\", nullptr},\n        {\n            \"answer\", {\n                {\"everything\", 42}\n            }\n        },\n        {\"list\", {1, 0, 2}},\n        {\n            \"object\", {\n                {\"currency\", \"USD\"},\n                {\"value\", 42.99}\n            }\n        }\n    };\n\n    // add new values\n    j[\"new\"][\"key\"][\"value\"] = {\"another\", \"list\"};\n\n    // count elements\n    auto s = j.size();\n    j[\"size\"] = s;\n\n    // pretty print with indent of 4 spaces\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; std::setw(4) &lt;&lt; j &lt;&lt; '\\n';\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Output:</p> <pre><code>{\n    \"answer\": {\n        \"everything\": 42\n    },\n    \"happy\": true,\n    \"list\": [\n        1,\n        0,\n        2\n    ],\n    \"name\": \"Niels\",\n    \"new\": {\n        \"key\": {\n            \"value\": [\n                \"another\",\n    Line truncated