Add C++17 copies of the test binaries (#3101)

* ⚗️ add C++17 copies of the test binaries
* ⚗️ use proper header for filesystem
* 🚨 fix warnings
* ⚗️ do not use too old compilers with C++17
* ✅ add test
* 🔨 add more constraints #3097
* ⚗️ use fix from https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/3101#issuecomment-998788786
* ⚗️ use fix from https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=90050
* 👷 use published CI image

include/nlohmann/detail/meta/cpp_future.hpp

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ struct static_const
 };
 
 template<typename T>
-constexpr T static_const<T>::value;
+constexpr T static_const<T>::value; // NOLINT(readability-redundant-declaration)
 
 }  // namespace detail
 }  // namespace nlohmann