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6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg> </label> </form> <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__search> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 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<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// a simple struct to model a person</span>
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<span class=w> </span><span class=k>struct</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>person</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
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<span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>;</span>
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@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
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<span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>at</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"age"</span><span class=p>).</span><span class=n>get_to</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>p</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>age</span><span class=p>);</span>
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<span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
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<span class=p>}</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// namespace ns</span>
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</code></pre></div> <p>That's all! When calling the <code>json</code> constructor with your type, your custom <code>to_json</code> method will be automatically called. Likewise, when calling <code>template get<your_type>()</code> or <code>get_to(your_type&)</code>, the <code>from_json</code> method will be called.</p> <p>Some important things:</p> <ul> <li>Those methods <strong>MUST</strong> be in your type's namespace (which can be the global namespace), or the library will not be able to locate them (in this example, they are in namespace <code>ns</code>, where <code>person</code> is defined).</li> <li>Those methods <strong>MUST</strong> be available (e.g., proper headers must be included) everywhere you use these conversions. Look at <a href=https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1108>#1108</a> for errors that may occur otherwise.</li> <li>When using <code>template get<your_type>()</code>, <code>your_type</code> <strong>MUST</strong> be <a href=https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible>DefaultConstructible</a>. (There is a way to bypass this requirement described later.)</li> <li>In function <code>from_json</code>, use function <a href=../../api/basic_json/at/ ><code>at()</code></a> to access the object values rather than <code>operator[]</code>. In case a key does not exist, <code>at</code> throws an exception that you can handle, whereas <code>operator[]</code> exhibits undefined behavior.</li> <li>You do not need to add serializers or deserializers for STL types like <code>std::vector</code>: the library already implements these.</li> </ul> <h2 id=simplify-your-life-with-macros>Simplify your life with macros<a class=headerlink href=#simplify-your-life-with-macros title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>If you just want to serialize/deserialize some structs, the <code>to_json</code>/<code>from_json</code> functions can be a lot of boilerplate.</p> <p>There are four macros to make your life easier as long as you (1) want to use a JSON object as serialization and (2) want to use the member variable names as object keys in that object:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the namespace of the class/struct to create code for. It will throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the JSON object.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the namespace of the class/struct to create code for. It will not throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the JSON object, but fills in values from object which is default-constructed by the type.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the class/struct to create code for. This macro can also access private members. It will throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the JSON object.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the class/struct to create code for. This macro can also access private members. It will not throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the JSON object, but fills in values from object which is default-constructed by the type.</li> </ul> <p>In all macros, the first parameter is the name of the class/struct, and all remaining parameters name the members. You can read more docs about them starting from <a href=../macros/#nlohmann_define_type_intrusivetype-member>here</a>.</p> <div class="admonition info"> <p class=admonition-title>Implementation limits</p> <ul> <li>The current macro implementations are limited to at most 64 member variables. If you want to serialize/deserialize types with more than 64 member variables, you need to define the <code>to_json</code>/<code>from_json</code> functions manually.</li> <li>The macros only work for the <a href=../../api/json/ ><code>nlohmann::json</code></a> type; other specializations such as <a href=../../api/ordered_json/ ><code>nlohmann::ordered_json</code></a> are currently unsupported.</li> </ul> </div> <details class=example> <summary>Example</summary> <p>The <code>to_json</code>/<code>from_json</code> functions for the <code>person</code> struct above can be created with:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>namespace</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>ns</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
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</code></pre></div> <p>That's all! When calling the <code>json</code> constructor with your type, your custom <code>to_json</code> method will be automatically called. Likewise, when calling <code>template get<your_type>()</code> or <code>get_to(your_type&)</code>, the <code>from_json</code> method will be called.</p> <p>Some important things:</p> <ul> <li>Those methods <strong>MUST</strong> be in your type's namespace (which can be the global namespace), or the library will not be able to locate them (in this example, they are in namespace <code>ns</code>, where <code>person</code> is defined).</li> <li>Those methods <strong>MUST</strong> be available (e.g., proper headers must be included) everywhere you use these conversions. Look at <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1108">#1108</a> for errors that may occur otherwise.</li> <li>When using <code>template get<your_type>()</code>, <code>your_type</code> <strong>MUST</strong> be <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible">DefaultConstructible</a>. (There is a way to bypass this requirement described later.)</li> <li>In function <code>from_json</code>, use function <a href=../../api/basic_json/at/ ><code>at()</code></a> to access the object values rather than <code>operator[]</code>. In case a key does not exist, <code>at</code> throws an exception that you can handle, whereas <code>operator[]</code> exhibits undefined behavior.</li> <li>You do not need to add serializers or deserializers for <abbr title="Standard Template Library">STL</abbr> types like <code>std::vector</code>: the library already implements these.</li> </ul> <h2 id=simplify-your-life-with-macros>Simplify your life with macros<a class=headerlink href=#simplify-your-life-with-macros title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>If you just want to serialize/deserialize some structs, the <code>to_json</code>/<code>from_json</code> functions can be a lot of boilerplate.</p> <p>There are six macros to make your life easier as long as you (1) want to use a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object as serialization and (2) want to use the member variable names as object keys in that object:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the namespace of the class/struct to create code for. It will throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the namespace of the class/struct to create code for. It will not throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object, but fills in values from object which is default-constructed by the type.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the namespace of the class/struct to create code for. It does not define a <code>fron_json()</code> function which is needed in case the type does not have a default constructor.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the class/struct to create code for. This macro can also access private members. It will throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the class/struct to create code for. This macro can also access private members. It will not throw an exception in <code>from_json()</code> due to a missing value in the <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> object, but fills in values from object which is default-constructed by the type.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/ ><code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE(name, member1, member2, ...)</code></a> is to be defined inside the class/struct to create code for. This macro can also access private members. It does not define a <code>fron_json()</code> function which is needed in case the type does not have a default constructor.</li> </ul> <p>Furthermore, there exist versions to use in case of derived classes:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Need access to private members</th> <th>Need only de-serialization</th> <th>Allow missing values when de-serializing</th> <th>macro</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><div style="colorLine truncated
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||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>person</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>address</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>age</span><span class=p>)</span>
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<span class=p>}</span>
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||||
</code></pre></div> <p>Here is an example with private members, where <code>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE</code> is needed:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>namespace</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>ns</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
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@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
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<span class=w> </span><span class=n>NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>address</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>street</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>housenumber</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>postcode</span><span class=p>)</span>
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<span class=w> </span><span class=p>};</span>
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<span class=p>}</span>
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</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=how-do-i-convert-third-party-types>How do I convert third-party types?<a class=headerlink href=#how-do-i-convert-third-party-types title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>This requires a bit more advanced technique. But first, let's see how this conversion mechanism works:</p> <p>The library uses <strong>JSON Serializers</strong> to convert types to json. The default serializer for <code>nlohmann::json</code> is <code>nlohmann::adl_serializer</code> (ADL means <a href=https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl>Argument-Dependent Lookup</a>).</p> <p>It is implemented like this (simplified):</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>template</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>></span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div> </details> <h2 id=how-do-i-convert-third-party-types>How do I convert third-party types?<a class=headerlink href=#how-do-i-convert-third-party-types title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>This requires a bit more advanced technique. But first, let's see how this conversion mechanism works:</p> <p>The library uses <strong><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Serializers</strong> to convert types to json. The default serializer for <code>nlohmann::json</code> is <code>nlohmann::adl_serializer</code> (<abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr> means <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl">Argument-Dependent Lookup</a>).</p> <p>It is implemented like this (simplified):</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>template</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=o>></span>
|
||||
<span class=k>struct</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>adl_serializer</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=k>static</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>void</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>to_json</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>&</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>&</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>value</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// calls the "to_json" method in T's namespace</span>
|
||||
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
|
||||
<span class=p>};</span>
|
||||
<span class=n>NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>ABI compatibility</p> <p>Use <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_namespace_begin/ ><code>NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN</code></a> and <code>NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END</code> instead of <code class=highlight><span class=k>namespace</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>nlohmann</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span></code> in code which may be linked with different versions of this library.</p> </div> <h2 id=how-can-i-use-get-for-non-default-constructiblenon-copyable-types>How can I use <code>get()</code> for non-default constructible/non-copyable types?<a class=headerlink href=#how-can-i-use-get-for-non-default-constructiblenon-copyable-types title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>There is a way, if your type is <a href=https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible>MoveConstructible</a>. You will need to specialize the <code>adl_serializer</code> as well, but with a special <code>from_json</code> overload:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>struct</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>move_only_type</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>ABI compatibility</p> <p>Use <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_namespace_begin/ ><code>NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN</code></a> and <code>NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END</code> instead of <code class=highlight><span class=k>namespace</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>nlohmann</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span></code> in code which may be linked with different versions of this library.</p> </div> <h2 id=how-can-i-use-get-for-non-default-constructiblenon-copyable-types>How can I use <code>get()</code> for non-default constructible/non-copyable types?<a class=headerlink href=#how-can-i-use-get-for-non-default-constructiblenon-copyable-types title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>There is a way, if your type is <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible">MoveConstructible</a>. You will need to specialize the <code>adl_serializer</code> as well, but with a special <code>from_json</code> overload:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=k>struct</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>move_only_type</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>move_only_type</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>delete</span><span class=p>;</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>move_only_type</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>ii</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=o>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>i</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>ii</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{}</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>move_only_type</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>move_only_type</span><span class=o>&</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>delete</span><span class=p>;</span>
|
||||
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=p>};</span>
|
||||
<span class=p>}</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=can-i-write-my-own-serializer-advanced-use>Can I write my own serializer? (Advanced use)<a class=headerlink href=#can-i-write-my-own-serializer-advanced-use title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Yes. You might want to take a look at <a href=https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-udt.cpp><code>unit-udt.cpp</code></a> in the test suite, to see a few examples.</p> <p>If you write your own serializer, you'll need to do a few things:</p> <ul> <li>use a different <code>basic_json</code> alias than <code>nlohmann::json</code> (the last template parameter of <code>basic_json</code> is the <code>JSONSerializer</code>)</li> <li>use your <code>basic_json</code> alias (or a template parameter) in all your <code>to_json</code>/<code>from_json</code> methods</li> <li>use <code>nlohmann::to_json</code> and <code>nlohmann::from_json</code> when you need ADL</li> </ul> <p>Here is an example, without simplifications, that only accepts types with a size <= 32, and uses ADL.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=c1>// You should use void as a second template argument</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div> <h2 id=can-i-write-my-own-serializer-advanced-use>Can I write my own serializer? (Advanced use)<a class=headerlink href=#can-i-write-my-own-serializer-advanced-use title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Yes. You might want to take a look at <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/tests/src/unit-udt.cpp"><code>unit-udt.cpp</code></a> in the test suite, to see a few examples.</p> <p>If you write your own serializer, you'll need to do a few things:</p> <ul> <li>use a different <code>basic_json</code> alias than <code>nlohmann::json</code> (the last template parameter of <code>basic_json</code> is the <code>JSONSerializer</code>)</li> <li>use your <code>basic_json</code> alias (or a template parameter) in all your <code>to_json</code>/<code>from_json</code> methods</li> <li>use <code>nlohmann::to_json</code> and <code>nlohmann::from_json</code> when you need <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr></li> </ul> <p>Here is an example, without simplifications, that only accepts types with a size <= 32, and uses <abbr title="Argument-dependent lookup">ADL</abbr>.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=c1>// You should use void as a second template argument</span>
|
||||
<span class=c1>// if you don't need compile-time checks on T</span>
|
||||
<span class=k>template</span><span class=o><</span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>T</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>SFINAE</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>typename</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>enable_if</span><span class=o><</span><span class=k>sizeof</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>T</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o><=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>32</span><span class=o>>::</span><span class=n>type</span><span class=o>></span>
|
||||
<span class=k>struct</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>less_than_32_serializer</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
|
||||
@@ -159,4 +159,4 @@
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>value</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=k>template</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>template</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>get</span><span class=o><</span><span class=n>T</span><span class=o>></span><span class=p>();</span><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// oops!</span>
|
||||
<span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
|
||||
<span class=p>};</span>
|
||||
</code></pre></div> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">January 10, 2025</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright © 2013 - 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