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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Lua 5.2 Reference Manual - contents</TITLE>
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<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
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<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<STYLE TYPE="text/css">
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ul {
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||||
list-style-type: none ;
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list-style-position: outside ;
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}
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</STYLE>
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</HEAD>
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||||
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<BODY>
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<HR>
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<H1>
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<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" BORDER=0></A>
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Lua 5.2 Reference Manual
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</H1>
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<P>
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The reference manual is the official definition of the Lua language.
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For a complete introduction to Lua programming, see the book
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<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/docs.html#books">Programming in Lua</A>.
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<P>
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||||
<A HREF="manual.html">start</A>
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·
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<A HREF="#contents">contents</A>
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||||
·
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<A HREF="#index">index</A>
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||||
<HR>
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<SMALL>
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Copyright © 2011–2012 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
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Freely available under the terms of the
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<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</A>.
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</SMALL>
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||||
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||||
<H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2>
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||||
<UL style="padding: 0">
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html">1 – Introduction</A>
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<P>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 – Basic Concepts</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 – Values and Types</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 – Environments and the Global Environment</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 – Error Handling</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 – Metatables and Metamethods</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 – Garbage Collection</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 – Weak Tables</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 – Coroutines</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 – The Language</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 – Lexical Conventions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 – Variables</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 – Statements</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.1">3.3.1 – Blocks</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.2">3.3.2 – Chunks</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.3">3.3.3 – Assignment</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.4">3.3.4 – Control Structures</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.5">3.3.5 – For Statement</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.6">3.3.6 – Function Calls as Statements</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.7">3.3.7 – Local Declarations</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 – Expressions</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.1">3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.2">3.4.2 – Coercion</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.3">3.4.3 – Relational Operators</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.4">3.4.4 – Logical Operators</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.5">3.4.5 – Concatenation</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.6">3.4.6 – The Length Operator</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.7">3.4.7 – Precedence</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.8">3.4.8 – Table Constructors</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.9">3.4.9 – Function Calls</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.10">3.4.10 – Function Definitions</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 – Visibility Rules</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 – The Application Program Interface</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 – The Stack</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.2">4.2 – Stack Size</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.3">4.3 – Valid and Acceptable Indices</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.4">4.4 – C Closures</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.5">4.5 – Registry</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.6">4.6 – Error Handling in C</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.7">4.7 – Handling Yields in C</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.8">4.8 – Functions and Types</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.9">4.9 – The Debug Interface</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 – The Auxiliary Library</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 – Functions and Types</A>
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</UL>
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||||
<P>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 – Standard Libraries</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.1">6.1 – Basic Functions</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.2">6.2 – Coroutine Manipulation</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.3">6.3 – Modules</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4">6.4 – String Manipulation</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4.1">6.4.1 – Patterns</A>
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</UL>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.5">6.5 – Table Manipulation</A>
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<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.6">6.6 – Mathematical Functions</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.7">6.7 – Bitwise Operations</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.8">6.8 – Input and Output Facilities</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.9">6.9 – Operating System Facilities</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.10">6.10 – The Debug Library</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 – Lua Standalone</A>
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||||
<P>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A>
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||||
<UL>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.1">8.1 – Changes in the Language</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.2">8.2 – Changes in the Libraries</A>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.3">8.3 – Changes in the API</A>
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||||
</UL>
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||||
<P>
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||||
<LI><A HREF="manual.html#9">9 – The Complete Syntax of Lua</A>
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||||
</UL>
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||||
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="index">Index</A></H2>
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||||
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
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||||
<TR VALIGN="top">
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||||
<TD>
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<H3><A NAME="functions">Lua functions</A></H3>
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||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_G">_G</A><BR>
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||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_VERSION">_VERSION</A><BR>
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||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-assert">assert</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-collectgarbage">collectgarbage</A><BR>
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||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-dofile">dofile</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-error">error</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getmetatable">getmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-ipairs">ipairs</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadfile">loadfile</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-load">load</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-next">next</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pairs">pairs</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pcall">pcall</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-print">print</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawequal">rawequal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawget">rawget</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawlen">rawlen</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawset">rawset</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-require">require</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-select">select</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setmetatable">setmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tostring">tostring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-type">type</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-xpcall">xpcall</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.arshift">bit32.arshift</A><BR>
|
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<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.band">bit32.band</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.bnot">bit32.bnot</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.bor">bit32.bor</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.btest">bit32.btest</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.bxor">bit32.bxor</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.extract">bit32.extract</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.lrotate">bit32.lrotate</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.lshift">bit32.lshift</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.replace">bit32.replace</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.rrotate">bit32.rrotate</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-bit32.rshift">bit32.rshift</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.create">coroutine.create</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.resume">coroutine.resume</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.running">coroutine.running</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.status">coroutine.status</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.wrap">coroutine.wrap</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.yield">coroutine.yield</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.debug">debug.debug</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getuservalue">debug.getuservalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.gethook">debug.gethook</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getinfo">debug.getinfo</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getlocal">debug.getlocal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getmetatable">debug.getmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getregistry">debug.getregistry</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getupvalue">debug.getupvalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setuservalue">debug.setuservalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.sethook">debug.sethook</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setlocal">debug.setlocal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setmetatable">debug.setmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setupvalue">debug.setupvalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.traceback">debug.traceback</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.upvalueid">debug.upvalueid</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.upvaluejoin">debug.upvaluejoin</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:close">file:close</A><BR>
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||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:flush">file:flush</A><BR>
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||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:lines">file:lines</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:read">file:read</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:seek">file:seek</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:setvbuf">file:setvbuf</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:write">file:write</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.close">io.close</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.flush">io.flush</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.input">io.input</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.lines">io.lines</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.open">io.open</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.output">io.output</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.popen">io.popen</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.read">io.read</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stderr">io.stderr</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdin">io.stdin</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdout">io.stdout</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.tmpfile">io.tmpfile</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.type">io.type</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.write">io.write</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<H3> </H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.abs">math.abs</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.acos">math.acos</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.asin">math.asin</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan">math.atan</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan2">math.atan2</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ceil">math.ceil</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cos">math.cos</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cosh">math.cosh</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.deg">math.deg</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.exp">math.exp</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.floor">math.floor</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.fmod">math.fmod</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.frexp">math.frexp</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.huge">math.huge</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ldexp">math.ldexp</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.log">math.log</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.max">math.max</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.min">math.min</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.modf">math.modf</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pi">math.pi</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pow">math.pow</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.rad">math.rad</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.random">math.random</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.randomseed">math.randomseed</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sin">math.sin</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sinh">math.sinh</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sqrt">math.sqrt</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tan">math.tan</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tanh">math.tanh</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.clock">os.clock</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.date">os.date</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.difftime">os.difftime</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.execute">os.execute</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.exit">os.exit</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.getenv">os.getenv</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.remove">os.remove</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.rename">os.rename</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.setlocale">os.setlocale</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.time">os.time</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.tmpname">os.tmpname</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.config">package.config</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.cpath">package.cpath</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loaded">package.loaded</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loadlib">package.loadlib</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.path">package.path</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.preload">package.preload</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.searchers">package.searchers</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.searchpath">package.searchpath</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.byte">string.byte</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.char">string.char</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.dump">string.dump</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.find">string.find</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.format">string.format</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gmatch">string.gmatch</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gsub">string.gsub</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.len">string.len</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.lower">string.lower</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.match">string.match</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.rep">string.rep</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.reverse">string.reverse</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.sub">string.sub</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.upper">string.upper</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.concat">table.concat</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.insert">table.insert</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.pack">table.pack</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.remove">table.remove</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.sort">table.sort</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.unpack">table.unpack</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<H3>C API</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Alloc">lua_Alloc</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_CFunction">lua_CFunction</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Debug">lua_Debug</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Hook">lua_Hook</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Integer">lua_Integer</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Number">lua_Number</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Reader">lua_Reader</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_State">lua_State</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Unsigned">lua_Unsigned</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Writer">lua_Writer</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_absindex">lua_absindex</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_arith">lua_arith</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_atpanic">lua_atpanic</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_call">lua_call</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_callk">lua_callk</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_checkstack">lua_checkstack</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_close">lua_close</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_compare">lua_compare</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_concat">lua_concat</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_copy">lua_copy</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_createtable">lua_createtable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_dump">lua_dump</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_error">lua_error</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gc">lua_gc</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getallocf">lua_getallocf</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getctx">lua_getctx</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getfield">lua_getfield</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getglobal">lua_getglobal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethook">lua_gethook</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookcount">lua_gethookcount</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookmask">lua_gethookmask</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getinfo">lua_getinfo</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getlocal">lua_getlocal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getmetatable">lua_getmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getstack">lua_getstack</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettable">lua_gettable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettop">lua_gettop</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getupvalue">lua_getupvalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getuservalue">lua_getuservalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_insert">lua_insert</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isboolean">lua_isboolean</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_iscfunction">lua_iscfunction</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isfunction">lua_isfunction</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_islightuserdata">lua_islightuserdata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnil">lua_isnil</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnone">lua_isnone</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnoneornil">lua_isnoneornil</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnumber">lua_isnumber</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isstring">lua_isstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_istable">lua_istable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isthread">lua_isthread</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isuserdata">lua_isuserdata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_len">lua_len</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_load">lua_load</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newstate">lua_newstate</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newtable">lua_newtable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newthread">lua_newthread</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newuserdata">lua_newuserdata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_next">lua_next</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pcall">lua_pcall</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pcallk">lua_pcallk</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pop">lua_pop</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushboolean">lua_pushboolean</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcclosure">lua_pushcclosure</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcfunction">lua_pushcfunction</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushfstring">lua_pushfstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushinteger">lua_pushinteger</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlightuserdata">lua_pushlightuserdata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushliteral">lua_pushliteral</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlstring">lua_pushlstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnil">lua_pushnil</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnumber">lua_pushnumber</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushstring">lua_pushstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushthread">lua_pushthread</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvalue">lua_pushvalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvfstring">lua_pushvfstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawequal">lua_rawequal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawget">lua_rawget</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawgeti">lua_rawgeti</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawlen">lua_rawlen</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawset">lua_rawset</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawseti">lua_rawseti</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawgetp">lua_rawgetp</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawsetp">lua_rawsetp</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_register">lua_register</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_remove">lua_remove</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_replace">lua_replace</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_resume">lua_resume</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setallocf">lua_setallocf</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setfield">lua_setfield</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setglobal">lua_setglobal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_sethook">lua_sethook</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setlocal">lua_setlocal</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setmetatable">lua_setmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_settable">lua_settable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_settop">lua_settop</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setupvalue">lua_setupvalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setuservalue">lua_setuservalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_status">lua_status</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_toboolean">lua_toboolean</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tocfunction">lua_tocfunction</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tointeger">lua_tointeger</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tointegerx">lua_tointegerx</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tolstring">lua_tolstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tonumber">lua_tonumber</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tonumberx">lua_tonumberx</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_topointer">lua_topointer</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tostring">lua_tostring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tothread">lua_tothread</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tounsigned">lua_tounsigned</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tounsignedx">lua_tounsignedx</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_touserdata">lua_touserdata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_type">lua_type</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_typename">lua_typename</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvalueid">lua_upvalueid</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvalueindex">lua_upvalueindex</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvaluejoin">lua_upvaluejoin</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_version">lua_version</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_xmove">lua_xmove</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_yield">lua_yield</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#lua_yieldk">lua_yieldk</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<H3>auxiliary library</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Buffer">luaL_Buffer</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Reg">luaL_Reg</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addchar">luaL_addchar</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addlstring">luaL_addlstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addsize">luaL_addsize</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addstring">luaL_addstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addvalue">luaL_addvalue</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argcheck">luaL_argcheck</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argerror">luaL_argerror</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffinit">luaL_buffinit</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffinitsize">luaL_buffinitsize</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_callmeta">luaL_callmeta</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkany">luaL_checkany</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkinteger">luaL_checkinteger</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkint">luaL_checkint</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklong">luaL_checklong</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklstring">luaL_checklstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checknumber">luaL_checknumber</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkoption">luaL_checkoption</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstack">luaL_checkstack</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstring">luaL_checkstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checktype">luaL_checktype</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkudata">luaL_checkudata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkunsigned">luaL_checkunsigned</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkversion">luaL_checkversion</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dofile">luaL_dofile</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dostring">luaL_dostring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_error">luaL_error</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_execresult">luaL_execresult</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_fileresult">luaL_fileresult</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetafield">luaL_getmetafield</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetatable">luaL_getmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getsubtable">luaL_getsubtable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_gsub">luaL_gsub</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_len">luaL_len</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadbuffer">luaL_loadbuffer</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadbufferx">luaL_loadbufferx</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadfile">luaL_loadfile</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadfilex">luaL_loadfilex</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadstring">luaL_loadstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newlib">luaL_newlib</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newlibtable">luaL_newlibtable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newmetatable">luaL_newmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newstate">luaL_newstate</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_openlibs">luaL_openlibs</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optinteger">luaL_optinteger</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optint">luaL_optint</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlong">luaL_optlong</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlstring">luaL_optlstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optnumber">luaL_optnumber</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optstring">luaL_optstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optunsigned">luaL_optunsigned</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_prepbuffer">luaL_prepbuffer</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_prepbuffsize">luaL_prepbuffsize</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushresult">luaL_pushresult</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushresultsize">luaL_pushresultsize</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_ref">luaL_ref</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_requiref">luaL_requiref</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_setfuncs">luaL_setfuncs</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_setmetatable">luaL_setmetatable</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_testudata">luaL_testudata</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_tolstring">luaL_tolstring</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_traceback">luaL_traceback</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typename">luaL_typename</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_unref">luaL_unref</A><BR>
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_where">luaL_where</A><BR>
|
||||
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
</TR>
|
||||
</TABLE>
|
||||
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<SMALL CLASS="footer">
|
||||
Last update:
|
||||
Sat May 26 08:52:25 BRT 2012
|
||||
</SMALL>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Last change: revised for Lua 5.2.1
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
</BODY>
|
||||
</HTML>
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 4.1 KiB |
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
.\" $Id: lua.man,v 1.13 2011/11/16 17:16:53 lhf Exp $
|
||||
.TH LUA 1 "$Date: 2011/11/16 17:16:53 $"
|
||||
.SH NAME
|
||||
lua \- Lua interpreter
|
||||
.SH SYNOPSIS
|
||||
.B lua
|
||||
[
|
||||
.I options
|
||||
]
|
||||
[
|
||||
.I script
|
||||
[
|
||||
.I args
|
||||
]
|
||||
]
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B lua
|
||||
is the standalone Lua interpreter.
|
||||
It loads and executes Lua programs,
|
||||
either in textual source form or
|
||||
in precompiled binary form.
|
||||
(Precompiled binaries are output by
|
||||
.BR luac ,
|
||||
the Lua compiler.)
|
||||
.B lua
|
||||
can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The given
|
||||
.I options
|
||||
are handled in order and then
|
||||
the Lua program in file
|
||||
.I script
|
||||
is loaded and executed.
|
||||
The given
|
||||
.I args
|
||||
are available to
|
||||
.I script
|
||||
as strings in a global table named
|
||||
.BR arg .
|
||||
If no options or arguments are given,
|
||||
then
|
||||
.B "\-v \-i"
|
||||
is assumed when the standard input is a terminal;
|
||||
otherwise,
|
||||
.B "\-"
|
||||
is assumed.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
In interactive mode,
|
||||
.B lua
|
||||
prompts the user,
|
||||
reads lines from the standard input,
|
||||
and executes them as they are read.
|
||||
If a line does not contain a complete statement,
|
||||
then a secondary prompt is displayed and
|
||||
lines are read until a complete statement is formed or
|
||||
a syntax error is found.
|
||||
If a line starts with
|
||||
.BR '=' ,
|
||||
then
|
||||
.B lua
|
||||
evaluates and displays
|
||||
the values of the expressions in the remainder of the line.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
At the very start,
|
||||
before even handling the command line,
|
||||
.B lua
|
||||
checks the contents of the environment variables
|
||||
.B LUA_INIT_5_2
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR LUA_INIT ,
|
||||
in that order.
|
||||
If the contents is of the form
|
||||
.RI '@ filename ',
|
||||
then
|
||||
.I filename
|
||||
is executed.
|
||||
Otherwise, the string is assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed.
|
||||
.SH OPTIONS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BI \-e " stat"
|
||||
execute statement
|
||||
.IR stat .
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-i
|
||||
enter interactive mode after executing
|
||||
.IR script .
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BI \-l " name"
|
||||
execute the equivalent of
|
||||
.IB name =require(' name ')
|
||||
before executing
|
||||
.IR script .
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-v
|
||||
show version information.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-E
|
||||
ignore environment variables.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-\-
|
||||
stop handling options.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-
|
||||
stop handling options and execute the standard input as a file.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR luac (1)
|
||||
.br
|
||||
The documentation at lua.org,
|
||||
especially section 7 of the reference manual.
|
||||
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
|
||||
Error messages should be self explanatory.
|
||||
.SH AUTHORS
|
||||
R. Ierusalimschy,
|
||||
L. H. de Figueiredo,
|
||||
W. Celes
|
||||
.\" EOF
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
body {
|
||||
color: #000000 ;
|
||||
background-color: #FFFFFF ;
|
||||
font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif ;
|
||||
text-align: justify ;
|
||||
margin-right: 30px ;
|
||||
margin-left: 30px ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1, h2, h3, h4 {
|
||||
font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif ;
|
||||
font-weight: normal ;
|
||||
font-style: italic ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h2 {
|
||||
padding-top: 0.4em ;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 0.4em ;
|
||||
padding-left: 30px ;
|
||||
padding-right: 30px ;
|
||||
margin-left: -30px ;
|
||||
background-color: #E0E0FF ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h3 {
|
||||
padding-left: 0.5em ;
|
||||
border-left: solid #E0E0FF 1em ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
table h3 {
|
||||
padding-left: 0px ;
|
||||
border-left: none ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a:link {
|
||||
color: #000080 ;
|
||||
background-color: inherit ;
|
||||
text-decoration: none ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a:visited {
|
||||
background-color: inherit ;
|
||||
text-decoration: none ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a:link:hover, a:visited:hover {
|
||||
color: #000080 ;
|
||||
background-color: #E0E0FF ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a:link:active, a:visited:active {
|
||||
color: #FF0000 ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
hr {
|
||||
border: 0 ;
|
||||
height: 1px ;
|
||||
color: #a0a0a0 ;
|
||||
background-color: #a0a0a0 ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
:target {
|
||||
background-color: #F8F8F8 ;
|
||||
padding: 8px ;
|
||||
border: solid #a0a0a0 2px ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.footer {
|
||||
color: gray ;
|
||||
font-size: small ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
input[type=text] {
|
||||
border: solid #a0a0a0 2px ;
|
||||
border-radius: 2em ;
|
||||
-moz-border-radius: 2em ;
|
||||
background-image: url('images/search.png') ;
|
||||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||||
background-position: 4px center ;
|
||||
padding-left: 20px ;
|
||||
height: 2em ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
||||
.\" $Id: luac.man,v 1.29 2011/11/16 13:53:40 lhf Exp $
|
||||
.TH LUAC 1 "$Date: 2011/11/16 13:53:40 $"
|
||||
.SH NAME
|
||||
luac \- Lua compiler
|
||||
.SH SYNOPSIS
|
||||
.B luac
|
||||
[
|
||||
.I options
|
||||
] [
|
||||
.I filenames
|
||||
]
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B luac
|
||||
is the Lua compiler.
|
||||
It translates programs written in the Lua programming language
|
||||
into binary files containing precompiled chunks
|
||||
that can be later loaded and executed.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The main advantages of precompiling chunks are:
|
||||
faster loading,
|
||||
protecting source code from accidental user changes,
|
||||
and
|
||||
off-line syntax checking.
|
||||
Precompiling does not imply faster execution
|
||||
because in Lua chunks are always compiled into bytecodes before being executed.
|
||||
.B luac
|
||||
simply allows those bytecodes to be saved in a file for later execution.
|
||||
Precompiled chunks are not necessarily smaller than the corresponding source.
|
||||
The main goal in precompiling is faster loading.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
In the command line,
|
||||
you can mix
|
||||
text files containing Lua source and
|
||||
binary files containing precompiled chunks.
|
||||
.B luac
|
||||
produces a single output file containing the combined bytecodes
|
||||
for all files given.
|
||||
Executing the combined file is equivalent to executing the given files.
|
||||
By default,
|
||||
the output file is named
|
||||
.BR luac.out ,
|
||||
but you can change this with the
|
||||
.B \-o
|
||||
option.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
Precompiled chunks are
|
||||
.I not
|
||||
portable across different architectures.
|
||||
Moreover,
|
||||
the internal format of precompiled chunks
|
||||
is likely to change when a new version of Lua is released.
|
||||
Make sure you save the source files of all Lua programs that you precompile.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.SH OPTIONS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-l
|
||||
produce a listing of the compiled bytecode for Lua's virtual machine.
|
||||
Listing bytecodes is useful to learn about Lua's virtual machine.
|
||||
If no files are given, then
|
||||
.B luac
|
||||
loads
|
||||
.B luac.out
|
||||
and lists its contents.
|
||||
Use
|
||||
.B \-l \-l
|
||||
for a full listing.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BI \-o " file"
|
||||
output to
|
||||
.IR file ,
|
||||
instead of the default
|
||||
.BR luac.out .
|
||||
(You can use
|
||||
.B "'\-'"
|
||||
for standard output,
|
||||
but not on platforms that open standard output in text mode.)
|
||||
The output file may be one of the given files because
|
||||
all files are loaded before the output file is written.
|
||||
Be careful not to overwrite precious files.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-p
|
||||
load files but do not generate any output file.
|
||||
Used mainly for syntax checking and for testing precompiled chunks:
|
||||
corrupted files will probably generate errors when loaded.
|
||||
If no files are given, then
|
||||
.B luac
|
||||
loads
|
||||
.B luac.out
|
||||
and tests its contents.
|
||||
No messages are displayed if the file loads without errors.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-s
|
||||
strip debug information before writing the output file.
|
||||
This saves some space in very large chunks,
|
||||
but if errors occur when running a stripped chunk,
|
||||
then the error messages may not contain the full information they usually do.
|
||||
In particular,
|
||||
line numbers and names of local variables are lost.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-v
|
||||
show version information.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-\-
|
||||
stop handling options.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-
|
||||
stop handling options and process standard input.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR lua (1)
|
||||
.br
|
||||
The documentation at lua.org.
|
||||
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
|
||||
Error messages should be self explanatory.
|
||||
.SH AUTHORS
|
||||
R. Ierusalimschy,
|
||||
L. H. de Figueiredo,
|
||||
W. Celes
|
||||
.\" EOF
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
h3 code {
|
||||
font-family: inherit ;
|
||||
font-size: inherit ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pre, code {
|
||||
font-size: 12pt ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
span.apii {
|
||||
float: right ;
|
||||
font-family: inherit ;
|
||||
font-style: normal ;
|
||||
font-size: small ;
|
||||
color: gray ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
p+h1, ul+h1 {
|
||||
padding-top: 0.4em ;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 0.4em ;
|
||||
padding-left: 30px ;
|
||||
margin-left: -30px ;
|
||||
background-color: #E0E0FF ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large.
Load diff
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 3.7 KiB |
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
|
||||
<HTML>
|
||||
<HEAD>
|
||||
<TITLE>Lua 5.2 readme</TITLE>
|
||||
<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
|
||||
<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
|
||||
<STYLE TYPE="text/css">
|
||||
blockquote, .display {
|
||||
border: solid #a0a0a0 2px ;
|
||||
padding: 1em ;
|
||||
margin: 0px ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.display {
|
||||
word-spacing: 0.25em ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
dl.display dd {
|
||||
padding-bottom: 0.2em ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
tt, kbd, code {
|
||||
font-size: 12pt ;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</STYLE>
|
||||
</HEAD>
|
||||
|
||||
<BODY>
|
||||
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H1>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="Lua" BORDER=0></A>
|
||||
Welcome to Lua 5.2
|
||||
</H1>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<A HREF="#about">about</A>
|
||||
·
|
||||
<A HREF="#install">installation</A>
|
||||
·
|
||||
<A HREF="#changes">changes</A>
|
||||
·
|
||||
<A HREF="#license">license</A>
|
||||
·
|
||||
<A HREF="contents.html">reference manual</A>
|
||||
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="about">About Lua</A></H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Lua is a powerful, fast, lightweight, embeddable scripting language
|
||||
developed by a
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/authors.html">team</A>
|
||||
at
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.puc-rio.br/">PUC-Rio</A>,
|
||||
the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
|
||||
Lua is
|
||||
<A HREF="#license">free software</A>
|
||||
used in many products and projects around the world.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Lua's
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/">official web site</A>
|
||||
provides complete information
|
||||
about Lua,
|
||||
including
|
||||
an
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/about.html">executive summary</A>
|
||||
and
|
||||
updated
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/docs.html">documentation</A>,
|
||||
especially the
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/5.2/">reference manual</A>,
|
||||
which may differ slightly from the
|
||||
<A HREF="contents.html">local copy</A>
|
||||
distributed in this package.
|
||||
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="install">Installing Lua</A></H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Lua is distributed in
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/ftp/">source</A>
|
||||
form.
|
||||
You need to build it before using it.
|
||||
Building Lua should be straightforward
|
||||
because
|
||||
Lua is implemented in pure ANSI C and compiles unmodified in all known
|
||||
platforms that have an ANSI C compiler.
|
||||
Lua also compiles unmodified as C++.
|
||||
The instructions given below for building Lua are for Unix-like platforms.
|
||||
See also
|
||||
<A HREF="#other">instructions for other systems</A>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<A HREF="#customization">customization options</A>.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If you don't have the time or the inclination to compile Lua yourself,
|
||||
get a binary from
|
||||
<A HREF="http://lua-users.org/wiki/LuaBinaries">LuaBinaries</A>.
|
||||
Try also
|
||||
<A HREF="http://luaforwindows.luaforge.net/">Lua for Windows</A>,
|
||||
an easy-to-use distribution of Lua that includes many useful libraries.
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>Building Lua</H3>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
In most Unix-like platforms, simply do "<KBD>make</KBD>" with a suitable target.
|
||||
Here are the details.
|
||||
|
||||
<OL>
|
||||
<LI>
|
||||
Open a terminal window and move to
|
||||
the top-level directory, which is named <TT>lua-5.2.1</TT>.
|
||||
The Makefile there controls both the build process and the installation process.
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<LI>
|
||||
Do "<KBD>make</KBD>" and see if your platform is listed.
|
||||
The platforms currently supported are:
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<P CLASS="display">
|
||||
aix ansi bsd freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris
|
||||
</P>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If your platform is listed, just do "<KBD>make xxx</KBD>", where xxx
|
||||
is your platform name.
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If your platform is not listed, try the closest one or posix, generic,
|
||||
ansi, in this order.
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<LI>
|
||||
The compilation takes only a few moments
|
||||
and produces three files in the <TT>src</TT> directory:
|
||||
lua (the interpreter),
|
||||
luac (the compiler),
|
||||
and liblua.a (the library).
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<LI>
|
||||
To check that Lua has been built correctly, do "<KBD>make test</KBD>"
|
||||
after building Lua. This will run the interpreter and print its version string.
|
||||
</OL>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If you're running Linux and get compilation errors,
|
||||
make sure you have installed the <TT>readline</TT> development package.
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>Installing Lua</H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Once you have built Lua, you may want to install it in an official
|
||||
place in your system. In this case, do "<KBD>make install</KBD>". The official
|
||||
place and the way to install files are defined in the Makefile. You'll
|
||||
probably need the right permissions to install files.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To build and install Lua in one step, do "<KBD>make xxx install</KBD>",
|
||||
where xxx is your platform name.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To install Lua locally, do "<KBD>make local</KBD>".
|
||||
This will create a directory <TT>install</TT> with subdirectories
|
||||
<TT>bin</TT>, <TT>include</TT>, <TT>lib</TT>, <TT>man</TT>,
|
||||
and install Lua as listed below.
|
||||
|
||||
To install Lua locally, but in some other directory, do
|
||||
"<KBD>make install INSTALL_TOP=xxx</KBD>", where xxx is your chosen directory.
|
||||
|
||||
<DL CLASS="display">
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
bin:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
lua luac
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
include:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
lua.h luaconf.h lualib.h lauxlib.h lua.hpp
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
lib:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
liblua.a
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
man/man1:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
lua.1 luac.1
|
||||
</DL>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
These are the only directories you need for development.
|
||||
If you only want to run Lua programs,
|
||||
you only need the files in bin and man.
|
||||
The files in include and lib are needed for
|
||||
embedding Lua in C or C++ programs.
|
||||
|
||||
<H3><A NAME="customization">Customization</A></H3>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Three kinds of things can be customized by editing a file:
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> Where and how to install Lua — edit <TT>Makefile</TT>.
|
||||
<LI> How to build Lua — edit <TT>src/Makefile</TT>.
|
||||
<LI> Lua features — edit <TT>src/luaconf.h</TT>.
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
You don't actually need to edit the Makefiles because you may set the
|
||||
relevant variables in the command line when invoking make.
|
||||
Nevertheless, it's probably best to edit and save the Makefiles to
|
||||
record the changes you need.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
On the other hand, if you need to customize some Lua features, you'll need
|
||||
to edit <TT>src/luaconf.h</TT> before building and installing Lua.
|
||||
The edited file will be the one installed, and
|
||||
it will be used by any Lua clients that you build, to ensure consistency.
|
||||
Further customization is available to experts by editing the Lua sources.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
We strongly recommend that you enable dynamic loading in <TT>src/luaconf.h</TT>.
|
||||
This is done automatically for all platforms listed above that have
|
||||
this feature and also for Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
<H3><A NAME="other">Building Lua on other systems</A></H3>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If you're not using the usual Unix tools, then the instructions for
|
||||
building Lua depend on the compiler you use. You'll need to create
|
||||
projects (or whatever your compiler uses) for building the library,
|
||||
the interpreter, and the compiler, as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
<DL CLASS="display">
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
library:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
lapi.c lcode.c lctype.c ldebug.c ldo.c ldump.c lfunc.c lgc.c llex.c
|
||||
lmem.c lobject.c lopcodes.c lparser.c lstate.c lstring.c ltable.c
|
||||
ltm.c lundump.c lvm.c lzio.c
|
||||
lauxlib.c lbaselib.c lbitlib.c lcorolib.c ldblib.c liolib.c
|
||||
lmathlib.c loslib.c lstrlib.c ltablib.c loadlib.c linit.c
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
interpreter:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
library, lua.c
|
||||
<DT>
|
||||
compiler:
|
||||
<DD>
|
||||
library, luac.c
|
||||
</DL>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
To use Lua as a library in your own programs you'll need to know how to
|
||||
create and use libraries with your compiler. Moreover, to dynamically load
|
||||
C libraries for Lua you'll need to know how to create dynamic libraries
|
||||
and you'll need to make sure that the Lua API functions are accessible to
|
||||
those dynamic libraries — but <EM>don't</EM> link the Lua library
|
||||
into each dynamic library. For Unix, we recommend that the Lua library
|
||||
be linked statically into the host program and its symbols exported for
|
||||
dynamic linking; <TT>src/Makefile</TT> does this for the Lua interpreter.
|
||||
For Windows, we recommend that the Lua library be a DLL.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
As mentioned above, you may edit <TT>src/luaconf.h</TT> to customize
|
||||
some features before building Lua.
|
||||
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="changes">Changes since Lua 5.1</A></H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Here are the main changes introduced in Lua 5.2.
|
||||
The
|
||||
<A HREF="contents.html">reference manual</A>
|
||||
lists the
|
||||
<A HREF="manual.html#8">incompatibilities</A> that had to be introduced.
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>Main changes</H3>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> yieldable pcall and metamethods
|
||||
<LI> new lexical scheme for globals
|
||||
<LI> ephemeron tables
|
||||
<LI> new library for bitwise operations
|
||||
<LI> light C functions
|
||||
<LI> emergency garbage collector
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>goto</CODE> statement
|
||||
<LI> finalizers for tables
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
Here are the other changes introduced in Lua 5.2:
|
||||
<H3>Language</H3>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> no more fenv for threads or functions
|
||||
<LI> tables honor the <CODE>__len</CODE> metamethod
|
||||
<LI> hex and <CODE>\z</CODE> escapes in strings
|
||||
<LI> support for hexadecimal floats
|
||||
<LI> order metamethods work for different types
|
||||
<LI> no more verification of opcode consistency
|
||||
<LI> hook event "tail return" replaced by "tail call"
|
||||
<LI> empty statement
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>break</CODE> statement may appear in the middle of a block
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>Libraries</H3>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> arguments for function called through <CODE>xpcall</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> optional 'mode' argument to load and loadfile (to control binary x text)
|
||||
<LI> optional 'env' argument to load and loadfile (environment for loaded chunk)
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>loadlib</CODE> may load libraries with global names (RTLD_GLOBAL)
|
||||
<LI> new function <CODE>package.searchpath</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> modules receive their paths when loaded
|
||||
<LI> optional base in <CODE>math.log</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> optional separator in <CODE>string.rep</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>file:write</CODE> returns <CODE>file</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> closing a pipe returns exit status
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>os.exit</CODE> may close state
|
||||
<LI> new metamethods <CODE>__pairs</CODE> and <CODE>__ipairs</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> new option 'isrunning' for <CODE>collectgarbage</CODE> and <CODE>lua_gc</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> frontier patterns
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>\0</CODE> in patterns
|
||||
<LI> new option <CODE>*L</CODE> for <CODE>io.read</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> options for <CODE>io.lines</CODE>
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>debug.getlocal</CODE> can access function varargs
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>C API</H3>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> main thread predefined in the registry
|
||||
<LI> new functions
|
||||
<CODE>lua_absindex</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_arith</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_compare</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_copy</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_len</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_rawgetp</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_rawsetp</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_upvalueid</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_upvaluejoin</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>lua_version</CODE>.
|
||||
<LI> new functions
|
||||
<CODE>luaL_checkversion</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>luaL_setmetatable</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>luaL_testudata</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>luaL_tolstring</CODE>.
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>lua_pushstring</CODE> and <CODE>pushlstring</CODE> return string
|
||||
<LI> <CODE>nparams</CODE> and <CODE>isvararg</CODE> available in debug API
|
||||
<LI> new <CODE>lua_Unsigned</CODE>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>Implementation</H3>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> max constants per function raised to 2<SUP>26</SUP>
|
||||
<LI> generational mode for garbage collection (experimental)
|
||||
<LI> NaN trick (experimental)
|
||||
<LI> internal (immutable) version of ctypes
|
||||
<LI> simpler implementation for string buffers
|
||||
<LI> parser uses much less C-stack space (no more auto arrays)
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<H3>Lua standalone interpreter</H3>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI> new <CODE>-E</CODE> option to avoid environment variables
|
||||
<LI> handling of non-string error messages
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="license">License</A></H2>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php">
|
||||
<IMG SRC="osi-certified-72x60.png" ALIGN="right" BORDER="0" ALT="[osi certified]" STYLE="padding-left: 30px ;">
|
||||
</A>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Lua is free software distributed under the terms of the
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html">MIT license</A>
|
||||
reproduced below;
|
||||
it may be used for any purpose, including commercial purposes,
|
||||
at absolutely no cost without having to ask us.
|
||||
|
||||
The only requirement is that if you do use Lua,
|
||||
then you should give us credit by including the appropriate copyright notice somewhere in your product or its documentation.
|
||||
|
||||
For details, see
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/license.html">this</A>.
|
||||
|
||||
<BLOCKQUOTE STYLE="padding-bottom: 0em">
|
||||
Copyright © 1994–2012 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
|
||||
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
|
||||
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
|
||||
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
|
||||
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
|
||||
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
|
||||
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
|
||||
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
|
||||
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
|
||||
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
|
||||
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
|
||||
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
|
||||
THE SOFTWARE.
|
||||
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<SMALL CLASS="footer">
|
||||
Last update:
|
||||
Tue May 29 21:57:51 BRT 2012
|
||||
</SMALL>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Last change: revised for Lua 5.2.1
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
</BODY>
|
||||
</HTML>
|
||||
Reference in new issue
Block a user