docs: name the documents the generic view function accepts

Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
docs: writing generic code for json_view
2026-10-26 12:14:46 +00:00 · 2026-10-26 07:13:31 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 07:13:18 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 07:13:17 +01:00 · 2026-10-26 07:12:25 +01:00
13 changed files with 702 additions and 228 deletions
@@ -19,23 +19,26 @@ For the types below, the conversion works directly on the flat index -- no `Basi
  document's own buffer of decoded strings (see [`get_string()`](get_string.md))
 - `BasicJsonType` -- equivalent to [`materialize()`](materialize.md)
 - `basic_json_view` -- returns `#!cpp *this`
- `#!cpp std::vector<U, A>` -- from an array, element by element, each converted with `#!cpp get<U>()`; `#!cpp
-  std::vector<basic_json_view>` keeps a view of every element instead of a value
- `#!cpp std::map<K, V, C, A>` and `#!cpp std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>`, if `K` is constructible from a `#!cpp
-  (const char*, std::size_t)` pair -- from an object, member by member, each value converted with `#!cpp get<V>()`; with a repeated
-  key, the *last* value is kept, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md) (and
-  [`materialize()`](materialize.md)) does; `#!cpp std::map<std::string, basic_json_view>` keeps views of the members
-  instead of values
+- `#!cpp std::vector<U, A>` of the types above -- from an array, element by element, each converted with
+  `#!cpp get<U>()`; `#!cpp std::vector<basic_json_view>` keeps a view of every element instead of a value
+- `#!cpp std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A>` and `#!cpp std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A>`, if `K` is
+  constructible from a `#!cpp (const char*, std::size_t)` pair -- views of the members of an object; with a repeated
+  key, the view of the *last* member is kept, as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md) keeps its value

-A default-constructible `T` whose `from_json()` accepts views reads the view directly as well, member by member, without
-building a `BasicJsonType` value. This covers the types of the
+A default-constructible `T` whose `from_json()` accepts views reads the view directly as well, without building a
+`BasicJsonType` value. This covers the library's own conversions of the standard library types -- all other
+`#!cpp std::vector`s, `#!cpp std::map`/`#!cpp std::unordered_map` (also with other key types), `#!cpp std::list`,
+`#!cpp std::deque`, `#!cpp std::set`, `#!cpp std::forward_list`, `#!cpp std::valarray`, `#!cpp std::array`, C arrays,
+`#!cpp std::pair`, `#!cpp std::tuple`, `#!cpp std::optional`, enumerations, `#!cpp std::filesystem::path`, ... --
+which give the same values as `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()` (from an object, a repeated key keeps the *last* value,
+as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md) does), as well as the types of the
 [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](../macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive.md) and
 [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*`](../macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md) macros and the enumerations of
 [`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](../macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md), and any `from_json()` constrained to
 accept views, e.g. with [`is_json_view`](../is_json_view.md). A `from_json()` that also accepts types that are no JSON
 values at all, such as the unconstrained `#!cpp template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType&,
 T&)` of [arbitrary type conversions](../../features/arbitrary_types.md), is not called with a view: it may use
-`BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [json_view](../../features/json_view.md).
+`BasicJsonType` functions a view does not have. See [Writing generic code](../../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code).

 !!! warning "Duplicate keys"

@@ -44,8 +47,8 @@ T&)` of [arbitrary type conversions](../../features/arbitrary_types.md), is not
    keeps it: for `#!cpp {"x":1,"x":2}`, `#!cpp get<point>()` reads `#!cpp x == 1`. See
    [Duplicate keys](../../features/json_view.md#duplicate-keys).

-Every other `T` -- `#!cpp std::list`, `#!cpp std::pair`, `#!cpp std::array`, user types whose `from_json()` is
-written for `BasicJsonType` only, ... -- is converted by `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`: the subtree is built into a real `BasicJsonType`
+Every other `T` -- user types whose `from_json()` is written for `BasicJsonType` only, types without a default
+constructor, `#!cpp std::tuple`s holding references, ... -- is converted by `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`: the subtree is built into a real `BasicJsonType`
 value first (as [`BasicJsonType::parse()`](../basic_json/parse.md) would), and converted from there exactly as
 [`BasicJsonType::get<T>()`](../basic_json/get.md) would convert it.

@@ -70,10 +73,10 @@ Strong guarantee: there are no changes to the view or the document it refers to.
  throws for the same JSON type and `T`.
 - For `#!cpp std::vector<U, A>`: throws `type_error.302` if the value is not an array; otherwise, whatever converting
  an element to `U` throws.
- For `#!cpp std::map`/`#!cpp std::unordered_map`: throws `type_error.302` if the value is not an object; otherwise,
-  whatever converting a member to the mapped type throws.
- For a `T` whose `from_json()` reads the view: whatever that `from_json()` throws; for the macros, the same
-  exceptions with the same messages as [`BasicJsonType::get<T>()`](../basic_json/get.md) of the same value.
+- For `#!cpp std::map`/`#!cpp std::unordered_map` of views: throws `type_error.302` if the value is not an object.
+- For a `T` whose `from_json()` reads the view: whatever that `from_json()` throws; for the library's conversions and
+  the macros, the same exceptions with the same messages as [`BasicJsonType::get<T>()`](../basic_json/get.md) of the
+  same value.
 - For every other `T`: whatever [`materialize().get<T>()`](../basic_json/get.md) throws -- typically `type_error.302`,
  or whatever a user-provided `from_json()` throws.

@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ Converts the value to `T` and stores it in `v`, in one of three ways:

 - For the types that [`get<T>()`](get.md) converts directly -- arithmetic types, `#!cpp bool`,
  `#!cpp std::nullptr_t`, [`string_view_t`](index.md#member-types), `#!cpp std::basic_string`, `BasicJsonType`,
-  `basic_json_view`, `#!cpp std::vector`, and `#!cpp std::map`/`#!cpp std::unordered_map` with string keys -- `v` is
-  assigned: `#!cpp v = get<T>()`.
+  `basic_json_view`, vectors of these, and maps of views -- `v` is assigned: `#!cpp v = get<T>()`.
 - For a type whose `from_json()` accepts views (see [`get<T>()`](get.md)), that `from_json()` is called with the
  view and the existing `v`, without building a `BasicJsonType` value.
 - For every other type, the subtree is built into a `BasicJsonType` value and `#!cpp materialize().get_to(v)` is
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ view class.
 - [basic_json_view](basic_json_view/index.md) - a handle to one value of a document
 - [get](basic_json_view/get.md) - which conversions read the view directly
 - [view_mode](view_mode.md) - read-only or editable
+- [Writing generic code](../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code) - functions and `from_json()` for views

 ## Version history

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::editable> v);
 template<typename BasicJsonType>
 void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::read_only> v);

-// either
+// views of either document type
 template<typename BasicJsonType, view_mode Mode>
 void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, Mode> v);
 ```
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ nor a [`json_editable_view`](json_editable_view.md). Views of the two modes stil
 - [basic_json_document](basic_json_document/index.md) - a parsed JSON text
 - [basic_json_view](basic_json_view/index.md) - a handle to one value of a document
 - [json_editable_document](json_editable_document.md) - an editable document of `json`
+- [Writing generic code](../features/json_view.md#writing-generic-code) - functions that accept views

 ## Version history

@@ -214,14 +214,15 @@ number of distinct keys, or reject duplicates when iterating.

 ## Getting values out without copying

-[`get<T>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) converts many `T` directly from the flat index, without ever building a
+[`get<T>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) converts most `T` directly from the flat index, without ever building a
 `basic_json` value for the conversion: `#!cpp bool`, arithmetic types, `#!cpp std::nullptr_t`,
-`#!cpp std::string`/other `#!cpp std::basic_string`s (copied once), `basic_json`/`ordered_json` (via
-[`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)), `basic_json_view` itself, `#!cpp std::vector<U>`, and
-`#!cpp std::map`/`#!cpp std::unordered_map` with string-like keys. Every other type -- `#!cpp std::list`,
-`#!cpp std::pair`, `#!cpp std::array`, enumerations, user types with a `from_json()` -- goes through
+`#!cpp std::string`/other `#!cpp std::basic_string`s (copied once), `basic_json_view` itself, the standard containers
+and other types the library converts (`#!cpp std::vector`, `#!cpp std::map`, `#!cpp std::list`, `#!cpp std::array`,
+`#!cpp std::pair`, `#!cpp std::tuple`, `#!cpp std::optional`, ...), and the types of the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*` and
+`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM` macros. Types whose `from_json()` is written for `basic_json` only go through
 [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md)`.get<T>()` instead: the subtree is built into a real
-`basic_json` value first, exactly as [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) would, and converted from there.
+`basic_json` value first, exactly as [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) would, and converted from there. See
+[Writing generic code](#writing-generic-code) for how to write a `from_json()` that reads views.

 Two conversions never copy at all:

@@ -236,6 +237,89 @@ Two conversions never copy at all:

 Both results are only valid as long as the view -- and, for a string with no escapes, the borrowed source text -- is.

+## Writing generic code
+
+A view's type names its `BasicJsonType` and its [`view_mode`](../api/view_mode.md):
+[`json_view`](../api/json_view.md) is `#!cpp basic_json_view<json, view_mode::read_only>`, and
+[`json_editable_view`](../api/json_editable_view.md) is `#!cpp basic_json_view<json, view_mode::editable>`. These are
+different types, and there is no conversion between them, so a function written for one shortcut accepts no other
+view:
+
+```cpp
+void print_names(json_view v);  // accepts neither an ordered_json_view nor a json_editable_view
+```
+
+This is the same pitfall as a `to_json`/`from_json` written for `json` instead of any `BasicJsonType`, which then does
+not work for `ordered_json`. The shortcuts are for declaring documents and views; a function that takes a view names
+the views it accepts with a template:
+
+```cpp
+// views of editable documents only
+template<typename BasicJsonType>
+void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::editable> v);
+
+// views of read-only documents only
+template<typename BasicJsonType>
+void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, view_mode::read_only> v);
+
+// views of either document type
+template<typename BasicJsonType, view_mode Mode>
+void f(basic_json_view<BasicJsonType, Mode> v);
+```
+
+Views are passed by value: they are two pointers, cheap to copy, like a `#!cpp std::string_view`. A `const&` works as
+well, but a non-`const` reference does not bind to the views that [`root()`](../api/basic_json_document/root.md),
+[`operator[]`](../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D.md), and [`at()`](../api/basic_json_view/at.md) return, so
+`#!cpp f(doc.root())` would not compile.
+
+There is no conversion from an editable view to a read-only one, by design: the mode decides how a view walks the
+index. A read-only view reads a container in place, while a view of an editable document follows the links that edits
+leave behind, so a read-only view of an edited document would read stale values. Views of both modes compare with
+[`operator==`](../api/basic_json_view/operator_eq.md).
+
+[`is_json_view<T>`](../api/is_json_view.md) tells views from other types, for constraints that cannot be written as a
+`basic_json_view<...>` parameter.
+
+### A `from_json()` that reads views
+
+[`get<T>()`](../api/basic_json_view/get.md) on a view calls `T`'s `from_json()` with the view itself if that
+`from_json()` accepts views, and with [`materialize()`](../api/basic_json_view/materialize.md) otherwise. The
+`from_json()` functions of the [`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_*`](../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive.md),
+[`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_*`](../api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type.md), and
+[`NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM`](../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum.md) macros, and those of the library
+for the standard types, accept views, so these types need nothing else. For decoding the statuses of
+twitter.json into structs, reading the view is about 5 times faster than `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()`.
+
+A hand-written `from_json()` reads views if it is constrained to `json` values and views:
+
+```cpp
+template < typename J, typename std::enable_if <
+               nlohmann::is_json_view<J>::value || std::is_same<J, nlohmann::json>::value, int >::type = 0 >
+void from_json(const J& j, person& p)
+{
+    p.name = j.at("name").template get<std::string>();
+    p.age = j.at("age").template get<int>();
+}
+```
+
+Its body may only use what views and `basic_json` have in common: the type checks, `at()`, `operator[]`, `contains()`,
+`value()`, `size()`, iteration and `items()`, and `get<T>()`/`get_to()`. An unconstrained
+`#!cpp template<typename BasicJsonType> void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, person& p)`, as in
+[arbitrary type conversions](arbitrary_types.md), is never called with a view, as it might use `basic_json` functions
+a view does not have; such a type is converted through `materialize()`. A `from_json()` for `json` only is
+converted through `materialize()` as well.
+
+Two things differ when a `from_json()` reads the view:
+
+- **Duplicate keys.** Members looked up by name (`at()`, `value()`, ... and thus the macros) find the **first** member
+  with a repeated key, see [Duplicate keys](#duplicate-keys); `#!cpp materialize().get<T>()` would see the last one.
+  Containers built from an object, such as `#!cpp std::map`, keep the **last** value either way, as
+  [`parse()`](../api/basic_json/parse.md) does.
+- **[`JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`](../api/macros/json_diagnostics.md).** Exceptions thrown by the view carry no path to the
+  value.
+
+`to_json()` is unaffected: it writes `basic_json` values, never views.
+
 ## Writing a view back

 [`dump()`](../api/basic_json_view/dump.md) serializes a view directly from the flat index, without ever building a
@@ -45,6 +45,70 @@ NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace detail
 {

+// The from_json() overloads below read basic_json values and the views of
+// <nlohmann/json_view.hpp> (BasicJsonType is then a view, and
+// json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType> its basic_json type). The helpers below are
+// the accesses that differ between the two.
+
+// the enable_if parameter of the overloads that read basic_json values (written
+// with negation<> because astyle spaces out a template argument list with '!')
+template<typename T>
+using enable_if_not_view_t = enable_if_t<negation<is_json_view<T>>::value, int>;
+
+// the boolean of j, a boolean
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t boolean_value(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+bool boolean_value(const View& v)
+{
+    return v.template get<bool>();
+}
+
+// the string of j, a string
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+const typename BasicJsonType::string_t& string_value(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+typename View::string_t string_value(const View& v)
+{
+    const auto s = v.get_string();
+    return typename View::string_t(s.data(), s.size());
+}
+
+// the binary value of j, a binary value (never a view: a view of a JSON text
+// holds no binary values)
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& binary_value(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+typename View::basic_json_type::binary_t binary_value(const View& /*unused*/)
+{
+    return {}; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+}
+
+// the elements of j, an array, for a range-based for loop
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& array_elements(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+View array_elements(const View& v) noexcept
+{
+    return v; // (a view is two pointers)
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename std::nullptr_t& n)
 {
@@ -73,7 +137,7 @@ void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::optional<T>& opt)

 // read a number value of any of the three number types into val;
 // returns false (leaving val untouched) if j is not a number
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType>
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 bool get_number_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 {
    switch (static_cast<value_t>(j))
@@ -110,10 +174,22 @@ bool get_number_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
    }
 }

+// a view converts numbers itself (as basic_json does)
+template<typename View, typename ArithmeticType, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+bool get_number_value(const View& v, ArithmeticType& val)
+{
+    if (!v.is_number())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    val = v.template get<ArithmeticType>();
+    return true;
+}
+
 // overloads for basic_json template parameters
 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
           enable_if_t < std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value&&
-                         !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+                         !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t>::value,
                         int > = 0 >
 void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 {
@@ -124,31 +200,31 @@ void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t& b)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t& b)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_boolean()))
    {
        throw_type_must_be("boolean", j);
    }
-    b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>();
+    b = boolean_value(j);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t& s)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_string()))
    {
        throw_type_must_be("string", j);
    }
-    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+    s = string_value(j);
 }

 template <
    typename BasicJsonType, typename StringType,
    enable_if_t <
-        std::is_assignable<StringType&, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value
-        && is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type, value_type_t, StringType>::value
-        && !std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, StringType>::value
+        std::is_assignable<StringType&, const typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t>::value
+        && is_detected_exact<typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t::value_type, value_type_t, StringType>::value
+        && !std::is_same<typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t, StringType>::value
        && !is_json_ref<StringType>::value, int > = 0 >
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, StringType& s)
 {
@@ -157,23 +233,23 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, StringType& s)
        throw_type_must_be("string", j);
    }

-    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+    s = string_value(j);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t& val)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_float_t& val)
 {
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, number_unsigned_overload_t<BasicJsonType>& val)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, number_unsigned_overload_t<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>>& val)
 {
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t& val)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_integer_t& val)
 {
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }
@@ -185,8 +261,8 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, EnumType& e)
 {
    using underlying_type = typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type;
    // get_arithmetic_value() does not accept boolean_t; read the number that to_json() wrote instead
-    using value_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<underlying_type, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-          typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t, underlying_type>::type;
+    using value_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<underlying_type, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t>::value,
+          typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_unsigned_t, underlying_type>::type;
    value_type val;
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
    e = static_cast<EnumType>(bool_aware_static_cast<underlying_type>(val));
@@ -195,7 +271,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, EnumType& e)

 // forward_list doesn't have an insert method
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename Allocator,
-         enable_if_t<is_getable<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+         enable_if_t<is_getable<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, T>::value, int> = 0>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator>& l)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
@@ -203,16 +279,16 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator>& l
        throw_type_must_be("array", j);
    }
    l.clear();
-    std::transform(j.rbegin(), j.rend(),
-                   std::front_inserter(l), [](const BasicJsonType & i)
+    auto pos = l.before_begin();
+    for (const auto& elem : array_elements(j))
    {
-        return i.template get<T>();
-    });
+        pos = l.insert_after(pos, elem.template get<T>());
+    }
 }

 // valarray doesn't have an insert method
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-         enable_if_t<is_getable<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+         enable_if_t<is_getable<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, T>::value, int> = 0>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::valarray<T>& l)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
@@ -220,11 +296,11 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::valarray<T>& l)
        throw_type_must_be("array", j);
    }
    l.resize(j.size());
-    std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(), std::begin(l),
-                   [](const BasicJsonType & elem)
+    std::size_t i = 0;
+    for (const auto& elem : array_elements(j))
    {
-        return elem.template get<T>();
-    });
+        l[i++] = elem.template get<T>();
+    }
 }

 // element is not itself a C array: read it directly
@@ -252,7 +328,8 @@ auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T (&arr)[N])  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines
    from_json_c_array_element(j, arr);
 }

-template<typename BasicJsonType>
+// (for a view, array_t is read element by element below)
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 inline void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr, priority_tag<3> /*unused*/)
 {
    arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
@@ -261,7 +338,7 @@ inline void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType:
 // fill a std::array from the JSON array j: the size is checked once and the
 // elements are read in order, so a short array converts the elements it has and
 // then throws the out_of_range error at() would throw for the first missing one
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 void from_json_std_array(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr)
 {
    const auto& inner_array = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
@@ -276,6 +353,21 @@ void from_json_std_array(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr)
    }
 }

+// (a view has no random access to the elements: they are read in order)
+template<typename View, typename T, std::size_t N, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json_std_array(const View& v, std::array<T, N>& arr)
+{
+    std::size_t size = 0;
+    for (auto it = v.begin(); size < N && it != v.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        arr[size++] = (*it).template get<T>();
+    }
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(size < N))
+    {
+        static_cast<void>(v.at(size));
+    }
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
 auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr,
                          priority_tag<2> /*unused*/)
@@ -324,9 +416,8 @@ auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr, p
    void())
 {
    ConstructibleArrayType ret;
-    const auto* inner_array = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
-    reserve_if_possible(ret, inner_array->size(), priority_tag<1> {});
-    for (const auto& elem : *inner_array)
+    reserve_if_possible(ret, j.size(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    for (const auto& elem : array_elements(j))
    {
        // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
        // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
@@ -337,11 +428,11 @@ auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr, p

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType,
           enable_if_t <
-               is_constructible_array_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
-               !is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
-               !is_constructible_string_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t>::value&&
-               !is_compatible_binary_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               is_constructible_array_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               !is_constructible_object_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               !is_constructible_string_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::binary_t>::value&&
+               !is_compatible_binary_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
               !is_basic_json<ConstructibleArrayType>::value,
               int > = 0 >
 auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr)
@@ -408,24 +499,24 @@ auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, identity_tag<std::array<T, N>> tag)
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& bin)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::binary_t& bin)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_binary()))
    {
        throw_type_must_be("binary", j);
    }

-    bin = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t*>();
+    bin = binary_value(j);
 }

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
-           enable_if_t < is_compatible_binary_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
+           enable_if_t < is_compatible_binary_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
                         int > = 0 >
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleArrayType& bin)
 {
    if (j.is_binary())
    {
-        bin = static_cast<CompatibleArrayType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t*>());
+        bin = static_cast<CompatibleArrayType>(binary_value(j));
    }
    else if (j.is_array())
    {
@@ -454,8 +545,47 @@ void from_json_object_emplace(ConstructibleObjectType& obj, Key&& key, Value&& v
    obj.emplace(std::forward<Key>(key), std::forward<Value>(value));
 }

+// a member of a view's object: a later member with the same key replaces an
+// earlier one, as parse() keeps the last value of a repeated key (containers
+// without operator[] keep the first)
+template<typename ConstructibleObjectType, typename Key, typename Value>
+auto from_json_object_assign(ConstructibleObjectType& obj, Key&& key, Value&& value, priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
+-> decltype(obj[std::forward<Key>(key)] = std::forward<Value>(value), void())
+{
+    obj[std::forward<Key>(key)] = std::forward<Value>(value);
+}
+
+template<typename ConstructibleObjectType, typename Key, typename Value>
+void from_json_object_assign(ConstructibleObjectType& obj, Key&& key, Value&& value, priority_tag<0> /*unused*/)
+{
+    obj.emplace(std::forward<Key>(key), std::forward<Value>(value));
+}
+
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+void from_json_object_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& ret)
+{
+    const auto* inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>();
+    reserve_if_possible(ret, inner_object->size(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    for (const auto& p : *inner_object)
+    {
+        from_json_object_emplace(ret, p.first, p.second.template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename View, typename ConstructibleObjectType, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json_object_impl(const View& v, ConstructibleObjectType& ret)
+{
+    using string_t = typename View::basic_json_type::object_t::key_type;
+    reserve_if_possible(ret, v.size(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    for (const auto item : v.items())
+    {
+        const auto key = item.key();
+        from_json_object_assign(ret, string_t(key.data(), key.size()), item.value().template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    }
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
-         enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
+         enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_object()))
@@ -464,12 +594,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
    }

    ConstructibleObjectType ret;
-    const auto* inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>();
-    reserve_if_possible(ret, inner_object->size(), priority_tag<1> {});
-    for (const auto& p : *inner_object)
-    {
-        from_json_object_emplace(ret, p.first, p.second.template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
-    }
+    from_json_object_impl(j, ret);
    obj = std::move(ret);
 }

@@ -478,10 +603,10 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
           enable_if_t <
               std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_unsigned_t>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_integer_t>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_float_t>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t>::value,
               int > = 0 >
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 {
@@ -495,7 +620,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
    {
        throw_type_must_be("number", j);
    }
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>());
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(boolean_value(j));
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Type>
@@ -505,7 +630,7 @@ detail::uncvref_t<Type> from_json_tuple_get_impl(BasicJsonType&& j, detail::iden
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Type,
-         detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_compatible_reference_type<BasicJsonType, Type>::value, int> = 0>
+         detail::enable_if_t<conjunction<is_basic_json<uncvref_t<BasicJsonType>>, is_compatible_reference_type<BasicJsonType, Type>>::value, int> = 0>
 Type from_json_tuple_get_impl(BasicJsonType && j, detail::identity_tag<Type> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
 {
    return std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j).template get_ref<Type>();
@@ -549,7 +674,7 @@ inline void from_json_tuple_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, std::pair<A1, A2>& p, p
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args>
 std::tuple<Args...> from_json_tuple_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, identity_tag<std::tuple<Args...>> /*unused*/, priority_tag<2> /*unused*/)
 {
-    static_assert(conjunction<disjunction<negation<std::is_reference<Args>>, is_compatible_reference_type<const BasicJsonType&, Args>>...>::value,
+    static_assert(conjunction<disjunction<negation<std::is_reference<Args>>, conjunction<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>, is_compatible_reference_type<const BasicJsonType&, Args>>>...>::value,
                  "Can not return a tuple containing references to types not contained in a Json, try Json::get_to()");
    return from_json_tuple_impl_base<1, Args...>(j, index_sequence_for<Args...> {});
 }
@@ -595,7 +720,7 @@ void from_json_pair_array_to_map(const BasicJsonType& j, MapType& m)
 // read a map with enum keys from an object, using the enum's own from_json for
 // the keys (e.g., from NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM); this is the form written
 // with JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Map, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& j, Map& m, std::true_type /*key is enum*/)
 {
    if (!j.is_object())
@@ -610,6 +735,24 @@ inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& j, Map& m, std::tru
    return true;
 }

+template<typename View, typename Map, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const View& v, Map& m, std::true_type /*key is enum*/)
+{
+    using json_t = typename View::basic_json_type;
+    if (!v.is_object())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    m.clear();
+    for (const auto item : v.items())
+    {
+        const auto key = item.key();
+        from_json_object_assign(m, json_t(typename json_t::string_t(key.data(), key.size())).template get<typename Map::key_type>(),
+                                item.value().template get<typename Map::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
 inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& /*j*/, Map& /*m*/, std::false_type /*key is enum*/)
 {
@@ -618,7 +761,7 @@ inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& /*j*/, Map& /*m*/,

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Compare, typename Allocator,
           typename = enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible <
-                                        typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
+                                        typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t, Key >::value >>
 void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>& m)
 {
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
@@ -631,7 +774,7 @@ void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>&

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Hash, typename KeyEqual, typename Allocator,
           typename = enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible <
-                                        typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
+                                        typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t, Key >::value >>
 void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator>& m)
 {
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
@@ -655,7 +798,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std_fs::path& p)
    {
        throw_type_must_be("string", j);
    }
-    const auto& s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+    const auto& s = string_value(j);
    // Checking for C++20 standard or later can be insufficient in case the
    // library support for char8_t is either incomplete or was disabled
    // altogether. Use the __cpp_lib_char8_t feature test instead.
@@ -694,10 +837,9 @@ struct fn
 };
 }  // namespace from_json_adl

-// the sources whose from_json() is only looked up by ADL: views (the library's
-// overloads are written for basic_json) and the probe
+// the sources whose from_json() is only looked up by ADL: the probe
 template<typename T>
-struct is_adl_only_from_json_source : disjunction<is_json_view<T>, std::is_same<T, from_json_adl::probe>> {};
+struct is_adl_only_from_json_source : std::is_same<T, from_json_adl::probe> {};

 struct from_json_fn
 {
@@ -748,20 +890,6 @@ void from_json_base(const View& v, T& base)
    v.get_to(base);
 }

-// the context of an exception thrown by a from_json() of the macros: the value
-// itself for basic_json (for JSON_DIAGNOSTICS), none for a view
-template<typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_t<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-const BasicJsonType * from_json_context(const BasicJsonType& j) noexcept
-{
-    return &j;
-}
-
-template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
-std::nullptr_t from_json_context(const View& /*unused*/) noexcept
-{
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 // a value as an exception message shows it (invalid UTF-8 replaced; the
 // strings of a view are always valid UTF-8)
 template<typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_t<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
@@ -417,6 +417,20 @@ void templated_json_throw(ExceptionType exception)
    (void)exception;
 }

+// the context of an exception about j: j itself for a basic_json value (whose
+// path JSON_DIAGNOSTICS shows), none for a view of <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>
+template<typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_t<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
+const BasicJsonType * exception_context(const BasicJsonType& j) noexcept
+{
+    return &j;
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+std::nullptr_t exception_context(const View& /*unused*/) noexcept
+{
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 /*!
@brief throws because @a j does not have the type a conversion expects
@param[in] expected  the expected type(s), e.g. "array" or "binary or array"
@@ -428,7 +442,7 @@ JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void throw_type_must_be(const cha
 {
    static_cast<void>(expected); // unused when JSON_NOEXCEPTION is defined
    static_cast<void>(j);
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(exception_id::type_mismatch, concat("type must be ", expected, ", but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(exception_id::type_mismatch, concat("type must be ", expected, ", but is ", j.type_name()), exception_context(j)));
 }

 /*!
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@
            return ej_pair.second == j;                                                         \
        });                                                                                     \
        if (it != std::end(m)) e = it->first;                                                   \
-        else ::nlohmann::detail::templated_json_throw<nlohmann::detail::out_of_range>(nlohmann::detail::out_of_range::create(nlohmann::detail::exception_id::value_out_of_range, nlohmann::detail::concat("enum value out of range for " #ENUM_TYPE ": ", nlohmann::detail::from_json_dump(j)), nlohmann::detail::from_json_context(j))); \
+        else ::nlohmann::detail::templated_json_throw<nlohmann::detail::out_of_range>(nlohmann::detail::out_of_range::create(nlohmann::detail::exception_id::value_out_of_range, nlohmann::detail::concat("enum value out of range for " #ENUM_TYPE ": ", nlohmann::detail::from_json_dump(j)), nlohmann::detail::exception_context(j))); \
    }

 // Ugly macros to avoid uglier copy-paste when specializing basic_json. They
@@ -130,14 +130,16 @@ struct is_direct_value : std::integral_constant < bool,
 template<typename Traits, typename Alloc, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
 struct is_direct_value<std::basic_string<char, Traits, Alloc>, BasicJsonType, View> : std::true_type {};

+// (vectors of these, which are faster than through from_json(), and containers
+// of views; other containers are read by the library's from_json())
 template<typename U, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
-struct is_direct_value<std::vector<U, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : std::true_type {};
+struct is_direct_value<std::vector<U, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_direct_value<U, BasicJsonType, View> {};

-template<typename K, typename V, typename C, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
-struct is_direct_value<std::map<K, V, C, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};
+template<typename K, typename C, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
+struct is_direct_value<std::map<K, View, C, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};

-template<typename K, typename V, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
-struct is_direct_value<std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};
+template<typename K, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
+struct is_direct_value<std::unordered_map<K, View, H, E, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};

 }  // namespace view
 }  // namespace detail
@@ -910,22 +910,25 @@ class basic_json_view
        return *this;
    }

-    template<typename U, typename A>
+    /// vectors of the types converted directly (faster than the library's
+    /// from_json()) and containers of views (no from_json() reads them: a view
+    /// is no value of BasicJsonType); other containers are read by from_json()
+    template < typename U, typename A, typename std::enable_if < detail::view::is_direct_value<U, BasicJsonType, basic_json_view>::value, int >::type = 0 >
    std::vector<U, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::vector<U, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
    {
        return detail::view::vector_value<basic_json_view, U, A>(*this);
    }

-    template<typename K, typename V, typename C, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    std::map<K, V, C, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::map<K, V, C, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
+    template<typename K, typename C, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
    {
-        return detail::view::map_value<std::map<K, V, C, A>>(*this);
+        return detail::view::map_value<std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A>>(*this);
    }

-    template<typename K, typename V, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
+    template<typename K, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
    {
-        return detail::view::map_value<std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>>(*this);
+        return detail::view::map_value<std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A>>(*this);
    }

    /// whether the from_json() of T's serializer reads views (see
@@ -2720,7 +2720,7 @@ JSON_HEDLEY_DIAGNOSTIC_POP
            return ej_pair.second == j;                                                         \
        });                                                                                     \
        if (it != std::end(m)) e = it->first;                                                   \
-        else ::nlohmann::detail::templated_json_throw<nlohmann::detail::out_of_range>(nlohmann::detail::out_of_range::create(nlohmann::detail::exception_id::value_out_of_range, nlohmann::detail::concat("enum value out of range for " #ENUM_TYPE ": ", nlohmann::detail::from_json_dump(j)), nlohmann::detail::from_json_context(j))); \
+        else ::nlohmann::detail::templated_json_throw<nlohmann::detail::out_of_range>(nlohmann::detail::out_of_range::create(nlohmann::detail::exception_id::value_out_of_range, nlohmann::detail::concat("enum value out of range for " #ENUM_TYPE ": ", nlohmann::detail::from_json_dump(j)), nlohmann::detail::exception_context(j))); \
    }

 // Ugly macros to avoid uglier copy-paste when specializing basic_json. They
@@ -5914,6 +5914,20 @@ void templated_json_throw(ExceptionType exception)
    (void)exception;
 }

+// the context of an exception about j: j itself for a basic_json value (whose
+// path JSON_DIAGNOSTICS shows), none for a view of <nlohmann/json_view.hpp>
+template<typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_t<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
+const BasicJsonType * exception_context(const BasicJsonType& j) noexcept
+{
+    return &j;
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+std::nullptr_t exception_context(const View& /*unused*/) noexcept
+{
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 /*!
@brief throws because @a j does not have the type a conversion expects
@param[in] expected  the expected type(s), e.g. "array" or "binary or array"
@@ -5925,7 +5939,7 @@ JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN JSON_HEDLEY_NEVER_INLINE void throw_type_must_be(const cha
 {
    static_cast<void>(expected); // unused when JSON_NOEXCEPTION is defined
    static_cast<void>(j);
-    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(exception_id::type_mismatch, concat("type must be ", expected, ", but is ", j.type_name()), &j));
+    JSON_THROW(type_error::create(exception_id::type_mismatch, concat("type must be ", expected, ", but is ", j.type_name()), exception_context(j)));
 }

 /*!
@@ -6154,6 +6168,70 @@ NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace detail
 {

+// The from_json() overloads below read basic_json values and the views of
+// <nlohmann/json_view.hpp> (BasicJsonType is then a view, and
+// json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType> its basic_json type). The helpers below are
+// the accesses that differ between the two.
+
+// the enable_if parameter of the overloads that read basic_json values (written
+// with negation<> because astyle spaces out a template argument list with '!')
+template<typename T>
+using enable_if_not_view_t = enable_if_t<negation<is_json_view<T>>::value, int>;
+
+// the boolean of j, a boolean
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t boolean_value(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+bool boolean_value(const View& v)
+{
+    return v.template get<bool>();
+}
+
+// the string of j, a string
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+const typename BasicJsonType::string_t& string_value(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+typename View::string_t string_value(const View& v)
+{
+    const auto s = v.get_string();
+    return typename View::string_t(s.data(), s.size());
+}
+
+// the binary value of j, a binary value (never a view: a view of a JSON text
+// holds no binary values)
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& binary_value(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+typename View::basic_json_type::binary_t binary_value(const View& /*unused*/)
+{
+    return {}; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+}
+
+// the elements of j, an array, for a range-based for loop
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+const typename BasicJsonType::array_t& array_elements(const BasicJsonType& j)
+{
+    return *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
+}
+
+template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+View array_elements(const View& v) noexcept
+{
+    return v; // (a view is two pointers)
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename std::nullptr_t& n)
 {
@@ -6182,7 +6260,7 @@ void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::optional<T>& opt)

 // read a number value of any of the three number types into val;
 // returns false (leaving val untouched) if j is not a number
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType>
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 bool get_number_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 {
    switch (static_cast<value_t>(j))
@@ -6219,10 +6297,22 @@ bool get_number_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
    }
 }

+// a view converts numbers itself (as basic_json does)
+template<typename View, typename ArithmeticType, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+bool get_number_value(const View& v, ArithmeticType& val)
+{
+    if (!v.is_number())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    val = v.template get<ArithmeticType>();
+    return true;
+}
+
 // overloads for basic_json template parameters
 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
           enable_if_t < std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value&&
-                         !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+                         !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t>::value,
                         int > = 0 >
 void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 {
@@ -6233,31 +6323,31 @@ void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t& b)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t& b)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_boolean()))
    {
        throw_type_must_be("boolean", j);
    }
-    b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>();
+    b = boolean_value(j);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t& s)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t& s)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_string()))
    {
        throw_type_must_be("string", j);
    }
-    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+    s = string_value(j);
 }

 template <
    typename BasicJsonType, typename StringType,
    enable_if_t <
-        std::is_assignable<StringType&, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t>::value
-        && is_detected_exact<typename BasicJsonType::string_t::value_type, value_type_t, StringType>::value
-        && !std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::string_t, StringType>::value
+        std::is_assignable<StringType&, const typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t>::value
+        && is_detected_exact<typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t::value_type, value_type_t, StringType>::value
+        && !std::is_same<typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t, StringType>::value
        && !is_json_ref<StringType>::value, int > = 0 >
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, StringType& s)
 {
@@ -6266,23 +6356,23 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, StringType& s)
        throw_type_must_be("string", j);
    }

-    s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+    s = string_value(j);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t& val)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_float_t& val)
 {
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, number_unsigned_overload_t<BasicJsonType>& val)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, number_unsigned_overload_t<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>>& val)
 {
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t& val)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_integer_t& val)
 {
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
 }
@@ -6294,8 +6384,8 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, EnumType& e)
 {
    using underlying_type = typename std::underlying_type<EnumType>::type;
    // get_arithmetic_value() does not accept boolean_t; read the number that to_json() wrote instead
-    using value_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<underlying_type, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
-          typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t, underlying_type>::type;
+    using value_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<underlying_type, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t>::value,
+          typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_unsigned_t, underlying_type>::type;
    value_type val;
    get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
    e = static_cast<EnumType>(bool_aware_static_cast<underlying_type>(val));
@@ -6304,7 +6394,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, EnumType& e)

 // forward_list doesn't have an insert method
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename Allocator,
-         enable_if_t<is_getable<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+         enable_if_t<is_getable<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, T>::value, int> = 0>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator>& l)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
@@ -6312,16 +6402,16 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator>& l
        throw_type_must_be("array", j);
    }
    l.clear();
-    std::transform(j.rbegin(), j.rend(),
-                   std::front_inserter(l), [](const BasicJsonType & i)
+    auto pos = l.before_begin();
+    for (const auto& elem : array_elements(j))
    {
-        return i.template get<T>();
-    });
+        pos = l.insert_after(pos, elem.template get<T>());
+    }
 }

 // valarray doesn't have an insert method
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T,
-         enable_if_t<is_getable<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+         enable_if_t<is_getable<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, T>::value, int> = 0>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::valarray<T>& l)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_array()))
@@ -6329,11 +6419,11 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::valarray<T>& l)
        throw_type_must_be("array", j);
    }
    l.resize(j.size());
-    std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(), std::begin(l),
-                   [](const BasicJsonType & elem)
+    std::size_t i = 0;
+    for (const auto& elem : array_elements(j))
    {
-        return elem.template get<T>();
-    });
+        l[i++] = elem.template get<T>();
+    }
 }

 // element is not itself a C array: read it directly
@@ -6361,7 +6451,8 @@ auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T (&arr)[N])  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines
    from_json_c_array_element(j, arr);
 }

-template<typename BasicJsonType>
+// (for a view, array_t is read element by element below)
+template < typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 inline void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t& arr, priority_tag<3> /*unused*/)
 {
    arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
@@ -6370,7 +6461,7 @@ inline void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType:
 // fill a std::array from the JSON array j: the size is checked once and the
 // elements are read in order, so a short array converts the elements it has and
 // then throws the out_of_range error at() would throw for the first missing one
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 void from_json_std_array(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr)
 {
    const auto& inner_array = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
@@ -6385,6 +6476,21 @@ void from_json_std_array(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr)
    }
 }

+// (a view has no random access to the elements: they are read in order)
+template<typename View, typename T, std::size_t N, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json_std_array(const View& v, std::array<T, N>& arr)
+{
+    std::size_t size = 0;
+    for (auto it = v.begin(); size < N && it != v.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        arr[size++] = (*it).template get<T>();
+    }
+    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(size < N))
+    {
+        static_cast<void>(v.at(size));
+    }
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N>
 auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, std::array<T, N>& arr,
                          priority_tag<2> /*unused*/)
@@ -6433,9 +6539,8 @@ auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr, p
    void())
 {
    ConstructibleArrayType ret;
-    const auto* inner_array = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t*>();
-    reserve_if_possible(ret, inner_array->size(), priority_tag<1> {});
-    for (const auto& elem : *inner_array)
+    reserve_if_possible(ret, j.size(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    for (const auto& elem : array_elements(j))
    {
        // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
        // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
@@ -6446,11 +6551,11 @@ auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr, p

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleArrayType,
           enable_if_t <
-               is_constructible_array_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
-               !is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
-               !is_constructible_string_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t>::value&&
-               !is_compatible_binary_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               is_constructible_array_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               !is_constructible_object_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               !is_constructible_string_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ConstructibleArrayType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::binary_t>::value&&
+               !is_compatible_binary_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleArrayType>::value&&
               !is_basic_json<ConstructibleArrayType>::value,
               int > = 0 >
 auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleArrayType& arr)
@@ -6517,24 +6622,24 @@ auto from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, identity_tag<std::array<T, N>> tag)
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType>
-inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename BasicJsonType::binary_t& bin)
+inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::binary_t& bin)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_binary()))
    {
        throw_type_must_be("binary", j);
    }

-    bin = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t*>();
+    bin = binary_value(j);
 }

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
-           enable_if_t < is_compatible_binary_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
+           enable_if_t < is_compatible_binary_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
                         int > = 0 >
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, CompatibleArrayType& bin)
 {
    if (j.is_binary())
    {
-        bin = static_cast<CompatibleArrayType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::binary_t*>());
+        bin = static_cast<CompatibleArrayType>(binary_value(j));
    }
    else if (j.is_array())
    {
@@ -6563,8 +6668,47 @@ void from_json_object_emplace(ConstructibleObjectType& obj, Key&& key, Value&& v
    obj.emplace(std::forward<Key>(key), std::forward<Value>(value));
 }

+// a member of a view's object: a later member with the same key replaces an
+// earlier one, as parse() keeps the last value of a repeated key (containers
+// without operator[] keep the first)
+template<typename ConstructibleObjectType, typename Key, typename Value>
+auto from_json_object_assign(ConstructibleObjectType& obj, Key&& key, Value&& value, priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
+-> decltype(obj[std::forward<Key>(key)] = std::forward<Value>(value), void())
+{
+    obj[std::forward<Key>(key)] = std::forward<Value>(value);
+}
+
+template<typename ConstructibleObjectType, typename Key, typename Value>
+void from_json_object_assign(ConstructibleObjectType& obj, Key&& key, Value&& value, priority_tag<0> /*unused*/)
+{
+    obj.emplace(std::forward<Key>(key), std::forward<Value>(value));
+}
+
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
+void from_json_object_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& ret)
+{
+    const auto* inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>();
+    reserve_if_possible(ret, inner_object->size(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    for (const auto& p : *inner_object)
+    {
+        from_json_object_emplace(ret, p.first, p.second.template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename View, typename ConstructibleObjectType, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+void from_json_object_impl(const View& v, ConstructibleObjectType& ret)
+{
+    using string_t = typename View::basic_json_type::object_t::key_type;
+    reserve_if_possible(ret, v.size(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    for (const auto item : v.items())
+    {
+        const auto key = item.key();
+        from_json_object_assign(ret, string_t(key.data(), key.size()), item.value().template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    }
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ConstructibleObjectType,
-         enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<BasicJsonType, ConstructibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
+         enable_if_t<is_constructible_object_type<json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>, ConstructibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
 {
    if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!j.is_object()))
@@ -6573,12 +6717,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
    }

    ConstructibleObjectType ret;
-    const auto* inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t*>();
-    reserve_if_possible(ret, inner_object->size(), priority_tag<1> {});
-    for (const auto& p : *inner_object)
-    {
-        from_json_object_emplace(ret, p.first, p.second.template get<typename ConstructibleObjectType::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
-    }
+    from_json_object_impl(j, ret);
    obj = std::move(ret);
 }

@@ -6587,10 +6726,10 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ConstructibleObjectType& obj)
 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
           enable_if_t <
               std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value&&
-               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_unsigned_t>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_integer_t>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::number_float_t>::value&&
+               !std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::boolean_t>::value,
               int > = 0 >
 inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
 {
@@ -6604,7 +6743,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, ArithmeticType& val)
    {
        throw_type_must_be("number", j);
    }
-    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t*>());
+    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(boolean_value(j));
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Type>
@@ -6614,7 +6753,7 @@ detail::uncvref_t<Type> from_json_tuple_get_impl(BasicJsonType&& j, detail::iden
 }

 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Type,
-         detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_compatible_reference_type<BasicJsonType, Type>::value, int> = 0>
+         detail::enable_if_t<conjunction<is_basic_json<uncvref_t<BasicJsonType>>, is_compatible_reference_type<BasicJsonType, Type>>::value, int> = 0>
 Type from_json_tuple_get_impl(BasicJsonType && j, detail::identity_tag<Type> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<1> /*unused*/)
 {
    return std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j).template get_ref<Type>();
@@ -6658,7 +6797,7 @@ inline void from_json_tuple_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, std::pair<A1, A2>& p, p
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename... Args>
 std::tuple<Args...> from_json_tuple_impl(const BasicJsonType& j, identity_tag<std::tuple<Args...>> /*unused*/, priority_tag<2> /*unused*/)
 {
-    static_assert(conjunction<disjunction<negation<std::is_reference<Args>>, is_compatible_reference_type<const BasicJsonType&, Args>>...>::value,
+    static_assert(conjunction<disjunction<negation<std::is_reference<Args>>, conjunction<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>, is_compatible_reference_type<const BasicJsonType&, Args>>>...>::value,
                  "Can not return a tuple containing references to types not contained in a Json, try Json::get_to()");
    return from_json_tuple_impl_base<1, Args...>(j, index_sequence_for<Args...> {});
 }
@@ -6704,7 +6843,7 @@ void from_json_pair_array_to_map(const BasicJsonType& j, MapType& m)
 // read a map with enum keys from an object, using the enum's own from_json for
 // the keys (e.g., from NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM); this is the form written
 // with JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS
-template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
+template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Map, enable_if_not_view_t<BasicJsonType> = 0 >
 inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& j, Map& m, std::true_type /*key is enum*/)
 {
    if (!j.is_object())
@@ -6719,6 +6858,24 @@ inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& j, Map& m, std::tru
    return true;
 }

+template<typename View, typename Map, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
+inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const View& v, Map& m, std::true_type /*key is enum*/)
+{
+    using json_t = typename View::basic_json_type;
+    if (!v.is_object())
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    m.clear();
+    for (const auto item : v.items())
+    {
+        const auto key = item.key();
+        from_json_object_assign(m, json_t(typename json_t::string_t(key.data(), key.size())).template get<typename Map::key_type>(),
+                                item.value().template get<typename Map::mapped_type>(), priority_tag<1> {});
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 template<typename BasicJsonType, typename Map>
 inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& /*j*/, Map& /*m*/, std::false_type /*key is enum*/)
 {
@@ -6727,7 +6884,7 @@ inline bool from_json_enum_keyed_object(const BasicJsonType& /*j*/, Map& /*m*/,

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Compare, typename Allocator,
           typename = enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible <
-                                        typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
+                                        typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t, Key >::value >>
 void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>& m)
 {
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
@@ -6740,7 +6897,7 @@ void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::map<Key, Value, Compare, Allocator>&

 template < typename BasicJsonType, typename Key, typename Value, typename Hash, typename KeyEqual, typename Allocator,
           typename = enable_if_t < !std::is_constructible <
-                                        typename BasicJsonType::string_t, Key >::value >>
+                                        typename json_type_of_t<BasicJsonType>::string_t, Key >::value >>
 void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std::unordered_map<Key, Value, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator>& m)
 {
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-type-traits) we use C++11
@@ -6764,7 +6921,7 @@ inline void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, std_fs::path& p)
    {
        throw_type_must_be("string", j);
    }
-    const auto& s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t*>();
+    const auto& s = string_value(j);
    // Checking for C++20 standard or later can be insufficient in case the
    // library support for char8_t is either incomplete or was disabled
    // altogether. Use the __cpp_lib_char8_t feature test instead.
@@ -6803,10 +6960,9 @@ struct fn
 };
 }  // namespace from_json_adl

-// the sources whose from_json() is only looked up by ADL: views (the library's
-// overloads are written for basic_json) and the probe
+// the sources whose from_json() is only looked up by ADL: the probe
 template<typename T>
-struct is_adl_only_from_json_source : disjunction<is_json_view<T>, std::is_same<T, from_json_adl::probe>> {};
+struct is_adl_only_from_json_source : std::is_same<T, from_json_adl::probe> {};

 struct from_json_fn
 {
@@ -6857,20 +7013,6 @@ void from_json_base(const View& v, T& base)
    v.get_to(base);
 }

-// the context of an exception thrown by a from_json() of the macros: the value
-// itself for basic_json (for JSON_DIAGNOSTICS), none for a view
-template<typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_t<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
-const BasicJsonType * from_json_context(const BasicJsonType& j) noexcept
-{
-    return &j;
-}
-
-template<typename View, enable_if_t<is_json_view<View>::value, int> = 0>
-std::nullptr_t from_json_context(const View& /*unused*/) noexcept
-{
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 // a value as an exception message shows it (invalid UTF-8 replaced; the
 // strings of a view are always valid UTF-8)
 template<typename BasicJsonType, enable_if_t<is_basic_json<BasicJsonType>::value, int> = 0>
@@ -7797,14 +7797,16 @@ struct is_direct_value : std::integral_constant < bool,
 template<typename Traits, typename Alloc, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
 struct is_direct_value<std::basic_string<char, Traits, Alloc>, BasicJsonType, View> : std::true_type {};

+// (vectors of these, which are faster than through from_json(), and containers
+// of views; other containers are read by the library's from_json())
 template<typename U, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
-struct is_direct_value<std::vector<U, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : std::true_type {};
+struct is_direct_value<std::vector<U, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_direct_value<U, BasicJsonType, View> {};

-template<typename K, typename V, typename C, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
-struct is_direct_value<std::map<K, V, C, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};
+template<typename K, typename C, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
+struct is_direct_value<std::map<K, View, C, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};

-template<typename K, typename V, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
-struct is_direct_value<std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};
+template<typename K, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename BasicJsonType, typename View>
+struct is_direct_value<std::unordered_map<K, View, H, E, A>, BasicJsonType, View> : is_string_key<K> {};

 }  // namespace view
 }  // namespace detail
@@ -8637,22 +8639,25 @@ class basic_json_view
        return *this;
    }

-    template<typename U, typename A>
+    /// vectors of the types converted directly (faster than the library's
+    /// from_json()) and containers of views (no from_json() reads them: a view
+    /// is no value of BasicJsonType); other containers are read by from_json()
+    template < typename U, typename A, typename std::enable_if < detail::view::is_direct_value<U, BasicJsonType, basic_json_view>::value, int >::type = 0 >
    std::vector<U, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::vector<U, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
    {
        return detail::view::vector_value<basic_json_view, U, A>(*this);
    }

-    template<typename K, typename V, typename C, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    std::map<K, V, C, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::map<K, V, C, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
+    template<typename K, typename C, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
    {
-        return detail::view::map_value<std::map<K, V, C, A>>(*this);
+        return detail::view::map_value<std::map<K, basic_json_view, C, A>>(*this);
    }

-    template<typename K, typename V, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
-    std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
+    template<typename K, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename std::enable_if<detail::view::is_string_key<K>::value, int>::type = 0>
+    std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A> get_impl(detail::view::value_tag<std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A>> /*unused*/, detail::priority_tag<2> /*unused*/) const
    {
-        return detail::view::map_value<std::unordered_map<K, V, H, E, A>>(*this);
+        return detail::view::map_value<std::unordered_map<K, basic_json_view, H, E, A>>(*this);
    }

    /// whether the from_json() of T's serializer reads views (see
@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ struct point
    int x = 0;
    int y = 0;
    NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(point, x, y)
+
+    friend bool operator==(const point& a, const point& b)
+    {
+        return a.x == b.x && a.y == b.y;
+    }
 };

 struct shape
@@ -184,6 +189,13 @@ namespace
 {
 template<typename T, typename View = json_view>
 struct reads_view : nlohmann::detail::has_view_from_json<nlohmann::adl_serializer<T, void>, View, T> {};
+
+// whether a member converts to the same T from the view and from the materialized value
+template<typename T>
+bool same(const json_view& v, const json& j, const char* key)
+{
+    return v[key].get<T>() == j[key].get<T>();
+}
 }  // namespace

 TEST_CASE("json_view from_json")
@@ -215,39 +227,119 @@ TEST_CASE("json_view from_json")
        static_assert(!nlohmann::is_json_view<int>::value, "is_json_view");
    }

-    SECTION("the library's own conversions are not called with a view (and the probe compiles for them)")
+    SECTION("the library's own conversions read views")
    {
-        // these go through materialize() (vectors, maps with string keys,
-        // strings, and numbers are converted by the view itself)
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::list<int>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::deque<point>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::set<std::string>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::unordered_set<int>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::forward_list<int>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::valarray<double>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::array<int, 3>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::pair<int, std::string>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::tuple<int, bool, point>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::map<int, int>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::unordered_map<int, point>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::map<color, int>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::map<std::string, int>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::vector<point>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::vector<bool>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::string>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<int>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<bool>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<double>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::nullptr_t>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<json>::value, "std types");
-        static_assert(!reads_view<json::binary_t>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::list<int>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::deque<point>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::set<std::string>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::unordered_set<int>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::forward_list<int>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::valarray<double>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::array<int, 3>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::pair<int, std::string>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::tuple<int, bool, point>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::map<int, int>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::unordered_map<int, point>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::map<color, int>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::map<std::string, int>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::vector<point>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::vector<bool>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::string>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<int>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<bool>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<double>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::nullptr_t>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(!reads_view<json>::value, "get<BasicJsonType>() is materialize()");
+        static_assert(reads_view<json::binary_t>::value, "std types");
 #ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
-        static_assert(!reads_view<std::optional<point>>::value, "std types");
+        static_assert(reads_view<std::optional<point>>::value, "std types");
 #endif
        CHECK(true);
    }

+    SECTION("std types: the same values as from the materialized value")
+    {
+        const json_document d = json_document::parse(R"({"ints": [3, 1, 2, 1], "strings": ["b", "a", "b"], "pairs": [[1, "x"], [2, "y"]],
+            "points": [{"x": 1, "y": 2}, {"x": 3, "y": 4}], "object": {"b": 1, "a": 2}, "triple": [1, true, {"x": 5, "y": 6}],
+            "colors": {"green": 1, "red": 2}, "bytes": [1, 2, 255], "nested": [[1, 2], [3]], "number": 1.5, "flag": true,
+            "text": "hello", "nothing": null, "mixed": [1, 2.5, -3, 4], "flags": [true, false, true]})");
+        const json j = d.root().materialize();
+        const json_view v = d.root();
+        CHECK(same<std::list<int>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::deque<int>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::set<int>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::multiset<int>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::unordered_set<std::string>>(v, j, "strings"));
+        CHECK(same<std::forward_list<int>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::array<int, 4>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::array<double, 4>>(v, j, "mixed"));
+        CHECK((v["pairs"][0].get<std::pair<int, std::string>>() == j["pairs"][0].get<std::pair<int, std::string>>()));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<std::pair<int, std::string>>>(v, j, "pairs"));
+        CHECK(same<std::tuple<int, bool, point>>(v, j, "triple"));
+        CHECK(same<std::map<int, std::string>>(v, j, "pairs"));
+        CHECK(same<std::unordered_map<int, std::string>>(v, j, "pairs"));
+        CHECK(same<std::map<std::string, int>>(v, j, "object"));
+        CHECK(same<std::unordered_map<std::string, int>>(v, j, "object"));
+        CHECK(same<std::map<color, int>>(v, j, "colors"));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<point>>(v, j, "points"));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<int>>(v, j, "ints"));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<bool>>(v, j, "flags"));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>(v, j, "bytes"));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<std::vector<int>>>(v, j, "nested"));
+        CHECK(same<std::vector<json>>(v, j, "mixed"));
+        CHECK(same<double>(v, j, "number"));
+        CHECK(same<bool>(v, j, "flag"));
+        CHECK(same<std::string>(v, j, "text"));
+        CHECK(same<std::nullptr_t>(v, j, "nothing"));
+        CHECK(same<json>(v, j, "object"));
+        const std::valarray<int> va = v["ints"].get<std::valarray<int>>();
+        CHECK(va.size() == 4);
+        CHECK(va[0] == 3);
+        int c_array[2][2] = {{0, 0}, {0, 0}}; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays): the conversion to C arrays
+        v["nested"][0].get_to(c_array[0]);
+        CHECK(c_array[0][1] == 2);
+#ifdef JSON_HAS_CPP_17
+        CHECK(v["points"][0].get<std::optional<point>>()->y == 2);
+        CHECK(!v["nothing"].get<std::optional<point>>().has_value());
+#endif
+        // containers of views keep views of the elements
+        const std::vector<json_view> views = v["points"].get<std::vector<json_view>>();
+        CHECK(views.size() == 2);
+        CHECK(views[1]["x"].get<int>() == 3);
+        CHECK(v["object"].get<std::map<std::string, json_view>>().at("a").get<int>() == 2);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("std types: duplicate keys keep the last value, as from the materialized value")
+    {
+        const json_document d = json_document::parse(R"({"a": 1, "b": 2, "a": 3})");
+        CHECK((d.root().get<std::map<std::string, int>>() == d.root().materialize().get<std::map<std::string, int>>()));
+        CHECK(d.root().get<std::map<std::string, int>>().at("a") == 3);
+        CHECK(d.root().get<std::unordered_map<std::string, int>>().at("a") == 3);
+    }
+
+#if !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION) && !JSON_DIAGNOSTICS
+    SECTION("std types: the same errors as from the materialized value")
+    {
+        const json_document d = json_document::parse(R"([[1, "x"], {"a": 1}, "text", [1], 5, null])");
+        const json j = d.root().materialize();
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+        {
+            CAPTURE(i)
+            const json_view v = d.root()[i];
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::list<int>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::list<int>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::forward_list<int>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::forward_list<int>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::array<int, 2>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::array<int, 2>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::pair<int, std::string>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::pair<int, std::string>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::map<std::string, int>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::map<std::string, int>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::map<int, int>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::map<int, int>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::vector<std::uint8_t>>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<json::binary_t>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<json::binary_t>()); }));
+            CHECK(exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(v.get<std::valarray<int>>()); }) == exception_of_call([&] { static_cast<void>(j[i].get<std::valarray<int>>()); }));
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
    SECTION("macro types")
    {
        const json_document d = json_document::parse(R"({"name": "s", "points": [{"x": 1, "y": 2}, {"x": 3, "y": 4}],
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Niels Lohmann	fc3b716675	docs: name the documents the generic view function accepts Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-26 07:13:31 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	f268cab0a3	docs: writing generic code for json_view A "Writing generic code" section on the json_view page: why a function taking json_view accepts no other view, the three signatures for editable, read-only, or either kind of view (passed by value), why the modes do not convert, is_json_view, and how a from_json() reads views (constrained to json values and views; the macros and the library's conversions do it already) with what differs then (duplicate keys, JSON_DIAGNOSTICS paths). Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-26 07:13:18 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	93ccdc2738	json_view: enable_if_not_view_t instead of '!' in the from_json() templates astyle spaces out the template argument list when it contains a negation; the alias spells the condition with negation<> and leaves the lines alone. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-26 07:13:17 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	46b6daec9f	json_view: the library's std conversions read views directly The library's from_json() overloads (containers, maps, std::array, C arrays, pairs, tuples, optional, valarray, forward_list, enums, binary, paths, and scalars) accept views: their traits use the view's basic_json type, and the few accesses that differ (get_ptr) go through small helpers. from_json() of a view now finds them; only the probe still looks up by ADL only. get<T>() of a view thus converts these types without materialize(), with the same values and exceptions; from an object, a repeated key keeps the last value, as parse() does. The view keeps its direct paths for vectors of the types it converts directly (faster than from_json()) and for containers of views; its other vector and map paths are replaced by from_json(). For basic_json, std::valarray and std::forward_list are read in one pass (40 % and 3.5 % fewer instructions); all other conversions are unchanged. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-26 07:12:25 +01:00