Merge branch 'ci/path-filters' into ci/tiers

Keep the tiered job layout and apply the harden-runner 2.22.2 bump from #5962. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>
Merge branch 'develop' into ci/path-filters
2026-10-31 13:00:39 +00:00 · 2026-10-30 15:36:22 +01:00 · 2026-10-30 15:35:39 +01:00 · 2026-10-28 22:09:54 +01:00 · 2026-10-28 22:09:53 +01:00 · 2026-10-28 20:32:11 +01:00
18 changed files with 1452 additions and 896 deletions
@@ -154,6 +154,15 @@ and each page's title (H1) and declaration by
 [`docs/docset/generate_docset.py`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/docs/docset/generate_docset.py);
 `make build` reports API pages that cannot be classified.

+A pull request that changes only the documentation, Markdown files, GitHub metadata, or license files skips the
+compiler workflows (Ubuntu, macOS, Windows); the documentation and license checks still run. See
+[`tools/check_path_filters`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/tools/check_path_filters) for the list of
+skipped files and what to do when a compiler job starts reading one of them.
+
+Most compiler jobs run only once a maintainer adds the label "🚀 ready to merge" to a pull request; until then, a
+smaller set of jobs runs on every push. See
+[How CI runs](https://json.nlohmann.me/community/quality_assurance/#how-ci-runs) for the sets and when they run.
+
 ### Amalgamate the source code

 The single-header files
@@ -7,6 +7,25 @@ on:
      - master
      - release/*
  pull_request:
+    # Skip pull requests that change only files no job here reads. The list is checked by
+    # tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py (repository_checks.yml); change both together.
+    paths:
+      - '**'
+      - '!docs/**'
+      - '!**.md'
+      - '!.github/*'
+      - '!.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/**'
+      - '!.github/external_ci/**'
+      - '!.github/workflows/**'
+      - '!.reuse/**'
+      - '!LICENSES/**'
+      - '!CITATION.cff'
+      - '!REUSE.toml'
+      # read by tools/check_build_options in the ci_meson_install job (ubuntu.yml)
+      - 'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/package_managers.md'
+      # built by the swiftpm job (macos.yml)
+      - 'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/swift/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/macos.yml'
  workflow_dispatch:

 concurrency:
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+name: Repository checks
+
+# Checks that concern files the compiler workflows (ubuntu.yml, macos.yml,
+# windows.yml) skip with their path filter: the documentation, the license
+# information, and the CI configuration itself. This workflow has no path filter.
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - develop
+      - master
+      - release/*
+  pull_request:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  check_ci_configuration:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Check the path filters of the compiler workflows
+        run: python3 tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py
+      - name: Check the job sets of the compiler workflows and their documentation
+        run: |
+          python3 -m venv venv
+          venv/bin/pip install --quiet -r tools/ci_jobs/requirements.txt
+          venv/bin/python tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py
+
+  ci_reuse_compliance:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_reuse_compliance
+
+  ci_test_documentation:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_test_examples, ci_test_build_documentation, ci_test_documentation_mermaid]
+    steps:
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+          # the git-revision-date-localized plugin needs the history; a shallow clone makes the strict build fail
+          fetch-depth: ${{ matrix.target == 'ci_test_build_documentation' && '0' || '1' }}
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@949feb2413d6458794dcd2491c4babbbce0c15c1 # v7.1.0
+        if: matrix.target == 'ci_test_documentation_mermaid'
+        with:
+          node-version: 24
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
@@ -7,17 +7,62 @@ on:
      - master
      - release/*
  pull_request:
+    # labeled: the "🚀 ready to merge" label starts the full set (see below)
+    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, labeled]
+    # Skip pull requests that change only files no job here reads. The list is checked by
+    # tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py (repository_checks.yml); change both together.
+    paths:
+      - '**'
+      - '!docs/**'
+      - '!**.md'
+      - '!.github/*'
+      - '!.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/**'
+      - '!.github/external_ci/**'
+      - '!.github/workflows/**'
+      - '!.reuse/**'
+      - '!LICENSES/**'
+      - '!CITATION.cff'
+      - '!REUSE.toml'
+      # read by tools/check_build_options in the ci_meson_install job (ubuntu.yml)
+      - 'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/package_managers.md'
+      # built by the swiftpm job (macos.yml)
+      - 'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/swift/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml'
+  schedule:
+    # the nightly set (see below), on develop
+    - cron: '0 2 * * *'
  workflow_dispatch:

 permissions:
  contents: read

+# A run triggered by any other label gets a group of its own, so it does not
+# cancel the run of the last push; its jobs are skipped.
 concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref || github.run_id }}
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event_name == 'schedule' && 'nightly' || github.ref || github.run_id }}${{ github.event.action == 'labeled' && github.event.label.name != '🚀 ready to merge' && format('-{0}', github.run_id) || '' }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+# The jobs are split into three sets (see "How CI runs" in
+# docs/mkdocs/docs/community/quality_assurance.md):
+#
+# - PR set: every pull request push and every push; chosen because these jobs
+#   caught 92 % of the failing commits in Sep/Oct 2026.
+# - full set: after the PR set passed, on pushes and on pull requests with the
+#   "🚀 ready to merge" label; every remaining compiler, version and standard.
+# - nightly set: slow tools and rare compilers, nightly on develop, on pushes
+#   to master and release/*, and when started by hand.
+#
+# A matrix whose entries belong to different sets is split into one job per
+# set; the jobs share their steps through YAML anchors. tools/ci_jobs checks
+# that every job belongs to exactly one set.
+
 jobs:
+  ###########################################################################
+  # PR set
+  ###########################################################################
+
  ci_test_gcc:
+    if: &pr_set ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' && (github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.label.name == '🚀 ready to merge') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: gcc:latest
    steps:
@@ -32,6 +77,7 @@ jobs:
        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_gcc

  ci_meson_install:
+    if: *pr_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
@@ -76,7 +122,342 @@ jobs:
          cmake -S tests/cmake_import/project -B build-import-split -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${{ github.workspace }}/install-split
          cmake --build build-import-split

+  ci_static_analysis_ubuntu:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_cpplint]
+    steps: &static_analysis_ubuntu_steps
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - name: Install Valgrind
+        if: matrix.target == 'ci_test_valgrind'
+        run: sudo apt-get update ; sudo apt-get install -y valgrind
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
+
+  ci_static_analysis_clang:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: silkeh/clang:22
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_test_clang, ci_clang_tidy, ci_test_clang_sanitizer, ci_single_binaries]
+    steps: &static_analysis_clang_steps
+      - name: Install git, clang-tools, iwyu (ci_single_binaries), and unzip
+        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y git clang-tools iwyu unzip
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
+
+  ci_cmake_options:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ubuntu:24.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_test_diagnostics, ci_test_diagnostic_positions, ci_test_noexceptions, ci_test_noglobaludls]
+    steps: &cmake_options_steps
+      - name: Install build-essential
+        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y build-essential unzip wget git
+      # the CMake 3.5.0 release binary that ci_cmake_flags downloads links
+      # against libidn.so.11, which Ubuntu 24.04 no longer ships
+      - name: Install libidn11 for CMake 3.5.0
+        if: matrix.target == 'ci_cmake_flags'
+        run: |
+          wget -q http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/libi/libidn/libidn11_1.33-2.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb
+          dpkg -i libidn11_1.33-2.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
+
+  ci_test_compilers_gcc_old:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        compiler: ['4.8']
+    # official gcc:4.8/4.9/5/6 images fail to check out code (too old for
+    # actions/checkout); install the old compilers on top of official ubuntu:20.04
+    # instead, mirroring what the (now retired) custom json-ci image did.
+    container: ubuntu:20.04
+    steps: &compilers_gcc_old_steps
+      - name: Install g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
+        run: |
+          export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends software-properties-common ca-certificates gnupg make git
+          # add-apt-repository resolves the PPA through the Launchpad API,
+          # which intermittently times out or fails the team lookup (the plain
+          # "deb ..." sources below never hit Launchpad and never flake).
+          # Retry with backoff so a transient Launchpad blip does not fail CI.
+          for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+            add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test && break
+            echo "::warning::add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test failed (attempt ${attempt}/5); retrying"
+            sleep $((attempt * 10))
+          done
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main"
+          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe"
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: CXX=g++-${{ matrix.compiler }} cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
+
+  ci_test_compilers_clang:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        compiler: ['3.4']
+    container: silkeh/clang:${{ matrix.compiler }}
+    steps: &compilers_clang_steps
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Disable filesystem support (std::filesystem is unusable) for clang 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
+        run: echo "JSON_FORCED_GLOBAL_COMPILE_OPTIONS=-DJSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0;-DJSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM=0" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        if: ${{ matrix.compiler == '7' || matrix.compiler == '8' || matrix.compiler == '9' || matrix.compiler == '10' }}
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_default
+
+  ci_test_standards_gcc:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: gcc:latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        standard: [26]
+    steps: &standards_gcc_steps
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_gcc_cxx${{ matrix.standard }}
+
+  ci_test_standards_clang:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: silkeh/clang:latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        standard: [26]
+        stdlib: [libcxx]
+    steps: &standards_clang_steps
+      - name: Install git and unzip
+        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y git unzip
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build with libc++
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_clang_libcxx_cxx${{ matrix.standard }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.stdlib == 'libcxx' }}
+      - name: Build with libstdc++
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_clang_cxx${{ matrix.standard }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.stdlib == 'libstdcxx' }}
+
+  ci_emscripten:
+    if: *pr_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - name: Install emscripten
+        uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@4528d102f7230f0e7b276855c01ea1159be0e984 # v16
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$EMSDK/upstream/emscripten/cmake/Modules/Platform/Emscripten.cmake -GNinja
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build
+
+  ###########################################################################
+  # full set: starts after the PR set passed
+  ###########################################################################
+
+  ci_static_analysis_ubuntu_full:
+    needs: &pr_set_jobs [ci_test_gcc, ci_meson_install, ci_static_analysis_ubuntu, ci_static_analysis_clang, ci_cmake_options, ci_test_compilers_gcc_old, ci_test_compilers_clang, ci_test_standards_gcc, ci_test_standards_clang, ci_emscripten]
+    if: &full_set ${{ github.event_name == 'push' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, '🚀 ready to merge') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_test_single_header, ci_cppcheck, ci_reproducible_tests, ci_non_git_tests, ci_offline_testdata]
+    steps: *static_analysis_ubuntu_steps
+
+  ci_static_analysis_clang_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: silkeh/clang:22
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_clang_analyze]
+    steps: *static_analysis_clang_steps
+
+  ci_cmake_options_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ubuntu:24.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        target: [ci_cmake_flags, ci_test_noimplicitconversions, ci_test_legacycomparison, ci_test_disableenumserialization, ci_test_disabletuplereferenceconversion, ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck, ci_test_simdutf, ci_test_strict_nul_handling, ci_test_delete_deprecated_functions, ci_test_no_thread_local]
+    steps: *cmake_options_steps
+
+  ci_test_compilers_gcc_old_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        compiler: ['4.9', '5', '6']
+    container: ubuntu:20.04
+    steps: *compilers_gcc_old_steps
+
+  ci_test_compilers_gcc_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        # older GCC docker images (4, 5, 6) fail to check out code
+        compiler: ['7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16', 'latest']
+    container: gcc:${{ matrix.compiler }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_default
+
+  ci_test_compilers_clang_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        compiler: ['3.5', '3.6', '3.7', '3.8', '3.9', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15-bullseye', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20', '21', '22', 'latest']
+    container: silkeh/clang:${{ matrix.compiler }}
+    steps: *compilers_clang_steps
+
+  ci_test_standards_gcc_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: gcc:latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        standard: [11, 14, 17, 20, 23]
+    steps: *standards_gcc_steps
+
+  ci_test_standards_clang_full:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: silkeh/clang:latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        standard: [11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26]
+        stdlib: [libcxx, libstdcxx]
+        exclude:
+          # in the PR set
+          - standard: 26
+            stdlib: libcxx
+    steps: *standards_clang_steps
+
+  ci_module_cpp20:
+    needs: *pr_set_jobs
+    if: *full_set
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        container: ['gcc:latest', 'silkeh/clang:latest']
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: ${{ matrix.container }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      # The module test uses `import std;`, which needs CMake's experimental
+      # import-std support. Its opt-in token is CMake-version-specific, so pin
+      # CMake to the version whose token is set in tests/module_cpp20/CMakeLists.txt.
+      - name: Get pinned CMake and ninja
+        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
+        with:
+          cmakeVersion: 4.3.4
+      # Clang: the std library module is provided by libc++ (the image's libstdc++
+      # ships none), and the image's libc++ module manifest has a broken relative
+      # path — repoint it at the real module sources.
+      - name: Use libc++ and fix its module manifest path (Clang)
+        if: matrix.container == 'silkeh/clang:latest'
+        run: |
+          echo "CXXFLAGS=-stdlib=libc++" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          mkdir -p /usr/lib/share && ln -sf /usr/lib/llvm-*/share/libc++ /usr/lib/share/libc++
+      - name: Run CMake
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
+      - name: Build
+        run: cmake --build build --target ci_module_cpp20
+
+  ###########################################################################
+  # nightly set
+  ###########################################################################
+
  ci_infer:
+    if: &nightly_set ${{ github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref != 'refs/heads/develop') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
@@ -105,76 +486,16 @@ jobs:
          path: ${{ github.workspace }}/build/build_infer/infer-out/report.txt
          if-no-files-found: ignore

-  ci_static_analysis_ubuntu:
+  ci_static_analysis_ubuntu_nightly:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        target: [ci_test_single_header, ci_cppcheck, ci_cpplint, ci_reproducible_tests, ci_non_git_tests, ci_offline_testdata, ci_reuse_compliance, ci_test_valgrind]
-    steps:
-      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
-        with:
-          egress-policy: audit
-
-      - name: Install Valgrind
-        if: matrix.target == 'ci_test_valgrind'
-        run: sudo apt-get update ; sudo apt-get install -y valgrind
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
-
-  ci_static_analysis_clang:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: silkeh/clang:22
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        target: [ci_test_clang, ci_clang_tidy, ci_test_clang_sanitizer, ci_clang_analyze, ci_single_binaries]
-    steps:
-      - name: Install git, clang-tools, iwyu (ci_single_binaries), and unzip
-        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y git clang-tools iwyu unzip
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
-
-  ci_cmake_options:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: ubuntu:24.04
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        target: [ci_cmake_flags, ci_test_diagnostics, ci_test_diagnostic_positions, ci_test_noexceptions, ci_test_noimplicitconversions, ci_test_legacycomparison, ci_test_noglobaludls, ci_test_disableenumserialization, ci_test_disabletuplereferenceconversion, ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck, ci_test_simdutf, ci_test_strict_nul_handling, ci_test_delete_deprecated_functions, ci_test_no_thread_local]
-    steps:
-      - name: Install build-essential
-        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y build-essential unzip wget git
-      # the CMake 3.5.0 release binary that ci_cmake_flags downloads links
-      # against libidn.so.11, which Ubuntu 24.04 no longer ships
-      - name: Install libidn11 for CMake 3.5.0
-        if: matrix.target == 'ci_cmake_flags'
-        run: |
-          wget -q http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/libi/libidn/libidn11_1.33-2.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb
-          dpkg -i libidn11_1.33-2.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
+        target: [ci_test_valgrind]
+    steps: *static_analysis_ubuntu_steps

  ci_test_coverage:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    steps:
      - name: Harden Runner
@@ -208,128 +529,8 @@ jobs:
          path-to-lcov: ${{ github.workspace }}/build/json.info.filtered.noexcept
          fail-on-error: false

-  ci_test_compilers_gcc_old:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        compiler: ['4.8', '4.9', '5', '6']
-    # official gcc:4.8/4.9/5/6 images fail to check out code (too old for
-    # actions/checkout); install the old compilers on top of official ubuntu:20.04
-    # instead, mirroring what the (now retired) custom json-ci image did.
-    container: ubuntu:20.04
-    steps:
-      - name: Install g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
-        run: |
-          export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
-          apt-get update
-          apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends software-properties-common ca-certificates gnupg make git
-          # add-apt-repository resolves the PPA through the Launchpad API,
-          # which intermittently times out or fails the team lookup (the plain
-          # "deb ..." sources below never hit Launchpad and never flake).
-          # Retry with backoff so a transient Launchpad blip does not fail CI.
-          for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
-            add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test && break
-            echo "::warning::add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test failed (attempt ${attempt}/5); retrying"
-            sleep $((attempt * 10))
-          done
-          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic main"
-          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe"
-          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main"
-          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe"
-          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main"
-          apt-add-repository -y "deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe"
-          apt-get update
-          apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: CXX=g++-${{ matrix.compiler }} cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_g++-${{ matrix.compiler }}
-
-  ci_test_compilers_gcc:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        # older GCC docker images (4, 5, 6) fail to check out code
-        compiler: ['7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16', 'latest']
-    container: gcc:${{ matrix.compiler }}
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_default
-
-  ci_test_compilers_clang:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        compiler: ['3.4', '3.5', '3.6', '3.7', '3.8', '3.9', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15-bullseye', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20', '21', '22', 'latest']
-    container: silkeh/clang:${{ matrix.compiler }}
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Disable filesystem support (std::filesystem is unusable) for clang 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
-        run: echo "JSON_FORCED_GLOBAL_COMPILE_OPTIONS=-DJSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM=0;-DJSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM=0" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-        if: ${{ matrix.compiler == '7' || matrix.compiler == '8' || matrix.compiler == '9' || matrix.compiler == '10' }}
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_default
-
-  ci_test_standards_gcc:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: gcc:latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        standard: [11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_gcc_cxx${{ matrix.standard }}
-
-  ci_test_standards_clang:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: silkeh/clang:latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        standard: [11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26]
-        stdlib: [libcxx, libstdcxx]
-    steps:
-      - name: Install git and unzip
-        run: apt-get update ; apt-get install -y git unzip
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build with libc++
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_clang_libcxx_cxx${{ matrix.standard }}
-        if: ${{ matrix.stdlib == 'libcxx' }}
-      - name: Build with libstdc++
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_clang_cxx${{ matrix.standard }}
-        if: ${{ matrix.stdlib == 'libstdcxx' }}
-
  ci_cuda_example:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -352,37 +553,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build
        run: cmake --build build --target ci_cuda_example

-  ci_module_cpp20:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        container: ['gcc:latest', 'silkeh/clang:latest']
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    container: ${{ matrix.container }}
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      # The module test uses `import std;`, which needs CMake's experimental
-      # import-std support. Its opt-in token is CMake-version-specific, so pin
-      # CMake to the version whose token is set in tests/module_cpp20/CMakeLists.txt.
-      - name: Get pinned CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-        with:
-          cmakeVersion: 4.3.4
-      # Clang: the std library module is provided by libc++ (the image's libstdc++
-      # ships none), and the image's libc++ module manifest has a broken relative
-      # path — repoint it at the real module sources.
-      - name: Use libc++ and fix its module manifest path (Clang)
-        if: matrix.container == 'silkeh/clang:latest'
-        run: |
-          echo "CXXFLAGS=-stdlib=libc++" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-          mkdir -p /usr/lib/share && ln -sf /usr/lib/llvm-*/share/libc++ /usr/lib/share/libc++
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ci_module_cpp20
-
  ci_icpc:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    # Intel discontinued the classic icc/icpc compiler in oneAPI 2024.0; this is
    # Intel's own last officially published image that still includes it.
@@ -402,6 +574,7 @@ jobs:
        run: cmake --build build --target ci_icpc

  ci_icpx:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: intel/oneapi-hpckit:latest
    steps:
@@ -416,6 +589,7 @@ jobs:
        run: cmake --build build --target ci_icpx

  ci_nvhpc:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container: nvcr.io/nvidia/nvhpc:25.5-devel-cuda12.9-ubuntu22.04
    steps:
@@ -429,54 +603,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build
        run: cmake --build build --target ci_nvhpc

-  ci_emscripten:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
-    steps:
-      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
-        with:
-          egress-policy: audit
-
-      - name: Install emscripten
-        uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@4528d102f7230f0e7b276855c01ea1159be0e984 # v16
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-      - name: Get latest CMake and ninja
-        uses: lukka/get-cmake@a89e43e22a96abafcd7a62db652a65ecd33052c9 # v4.4.4
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$EMSDK/upstream/emscripten/cmake/Modules/Platform/Emscripten.cmake -GNinja
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build
-
-  ci_test_documentation:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        target: [ci_test_examples, ci_test_build_documentation, ci_test_documentation_mermaid]
-    steps:
-      - name: Harden Runner
-        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
-        with:
-          egress-policy: audit
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
-        with:
-          persist-credentials: false
-          # the git-revision-date-localized plugin needs the history; a shallow clone makes the strict build fail
-          fetch-depth: ${{ matrix.target == 'ci_test_build_documentation' && '0' || '1' }}
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@949feb2413d6458794dcd2491c4babbbce0c15c1 # v7.1.0
-        if: matrix.target == 'ci_test_documentation_mermaid'
-        with:
-          node-version: 24
-      - name: Run CMake
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
-      - name: Build
-        run: cmake --build build --target ${{ matrix.target }}
-
  # Native Linux ARM64 runner with the latest GCC. The ubuntu-24.04-arm label is
  # only available for public repositories.
  ci_test_arm64:
+    if: *nightly_set
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm
    container: gcc:latest
    steps:
@@ -491,3 +621,33 @@ jobs:
        run: cmake -S . -B build -DJSON_CI=On
      - name: Build
        run: cmake --build build --target ci_test_compiler_default
+
+  # A failure of a scheduled run opens an issue, or comments on the open one.
+  nightly_report:
+    needs: [ci_infer, ci_static_analysis_ubuntu_nightly, ci_test_coverage, ci_cuda_example, ci_icpc, ci_icpx, ci_nvhpc, ci_test_arm64]
+    if: ${{ always() && github.event_name == 'schedule' && contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Harden Runner
+        uses: step-security/harden-runner@dc2769abcc0fcfbadfc1df54081c1608579ef6b2 # v2.22.2
+        with:
+          egress-policy: audit
+
+      - name: Open or update the nightly failure issue
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          GH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
+          RUN_URL: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}
+          WORKFLOW: ${{ github.workflow }}
+          SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
+        run: |
+          title="Nightly CI failure (${WORKFLOW})"
+          body="The nightly run of ${WORKFLOW} on ${SHA:0:10} failed: ${RUN_URL}"
+          number=$(gh issue list --state open --search "in:title \"${title}\"" --json number,title --jq "map(select(.title == \"${title}\")) | .[0].number // empty")
+          if [ -n "$number" ]; then
+            gh issue comment "$number" --body "$body"
+          else
+            gh issue create --title "$title" --body "$body"
+          fi
@@ -7,6 +7,25 @@ on:
      - master
      - release/*
  pull_request:
+    # Skip pull requests that change only files no job here reads. The list is checked by
+    # tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py (repository_checks.yml); change both together.
+    paths:
+      - '**'
+      - '!docs/**'
+      - '!**.md'
+      - '!.github/*'
+      - '!.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/**'
+      - '!.github/external_ci/**'
+      - '!.github/workflows/**'
+      - '!.reuse/**'
+      - '!LICENSES/**'
+      - '!CITATION.cff'
+      - '!REUSE.toml'
+      # read by tools/check_build_options in the ci_meson_install job (ubuntu.yml)
+      - 'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/package_managers.md'
+      # built by the swiftpm job (macos.yml)
+      - 'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/swift/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/windows.yml'
  workflow_dispatch:

 permissions:
@@ -13,15 +13,9 @@ function never throws an exception for invalid input, and the returned `#!cpp bo
 is returned.

 The result is the same as that of `BasicJsonType::accept()` by design; the difference is how the check is made. This
-function runs the document's builder, which checks the text as [`parse()`](parse.md) does, while
-`BasicJsonType::accept()` runs the SAX parser with a handler that ignores every event. Use this one if you go on to
-parse the same input with [`parse()`](parse.md) anyway, so that both use the same code; either is fine for a plain
-yes/no answer.
-
-When both `ignore_comments` and `ignore_trailing_commas` are `#!cpp false` (the default), the builder writes no index.
-With either option set, it builds the index as [`parse()`](parse.md) does and discards it: the result is the same, only
-the time differs. (Neither option needs the index; the variant that skips it exists only for the default options to
-keep the code size down.)
+function runs the document's index builder (and discards the index), while `BasicJsonType::accept()` runs the SAX
+parser with a handler that ignores every event. Use this one if you go on to parse the same input with
+[`parse()`](parse.md) anyway, so that both use the same code; either is fine for a plain yes/no answer.

 ## Template parameters

@@ -13,6 +13,72 @@ describe each of them.

 <p class="nj-caption" markdown>The checks grouped by the stage at which they run, from push or pull request through the merge into develop to a release. The badge on each card says whether the check runs on every push or PR, on a schedule, or continuously.</p>

+## How CI runs
+
+Not every job runs for every change. The compiler jobs on Ubuntu are split into three sets, so a pull request gets fast
+feedback and the long jobs run when they matter:
+
+| Set         | When it runs                                                                                                      | What it contains                                                                                                                                                                       |
+|-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| PR set      | every push to a pull request, and every push to `develop`, `master`, and `release/*`                              | GCC and Clang with all warnings, Clang-Tidy, sanitizers, IWYU, cpplint, the oldest and newest GCC and Clang, common CMake options, Meson, Emscripten; with the checks that always run, they would have caught at least 92 % of the failing commits of September and October 2026 |
+| full set    | after the PR set passed: on pull requests with the label :rocket: ready to merge, and on every push                | every other compiler, version, C++ standard, and CMake option, the Clang Static Analyzer, Cppcheck, and the C++20 module tests                                                         |
+| nightly set | every night on `develop`, on every push to `master` and `release/*`, and when started by hand                      | Infer, Valgrind, coverage, the Intel and NVIDIA compilers, CUDA, and ARM64; a failure opens an issue                                                                                    |
+
+The jobs on macOS and Windows, the documentation and license checks, and the amalgamation check run on every push and
+pull request. A pull request that changes only the documentation, Markdown files, GitHub metadata, or license files
+skips the compiler workflows (see [`tools/check_path_filters`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/tools/check_path_filters)).
+
+A maintainer adds the label :rocket: ready to merge when a pull request is ready; the full set then runs, and again on
+every later push to that pull request. A pull request is merged only when the full set passed.
+
+??? abstract "Jobs of the compiler workflows and their sets"
+
+    The table is generated by [`tools/ci_jobs`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/tools/ci_jobs), which
+    also checks in CI that it is up to date and that every job belongs to exactly one set.
+
+    <!-- ci_jobs: begin -->
+    | Set | Workflow | Job | Configurations |
+    |-----|----------|-----|----------------|
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_gcc` | - |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_meson_install` | - |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_static_analysis_ubuntu` | ci_cpplint |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_static_analysis_clang` | ci_test_clang; ci_clang_tidy; ci_test_clang_sanitizer; ci_single_binaries |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_cmake_options` | ci_test_diagnostics; ci_test_diagnostic_positions; ci_test_noexceptions; ci_test_noglobaludls |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_compilers_gcc_old` | 4.8 |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_compilers_clang` | 3.4 |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_standards_gcc` | 26 |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_standards_clang` | 26, libcxx |
+    | PR set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_emscripten` | - |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_static_analysis_ubuntu_full` | ci_test_single_header; ci_cppcheck; ci_reproducible_tests; ci_non_git_tests; ci_offline_testdata |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_static_analysis_clang_full` | ci_clang_analyze |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_cmake_options_full` | ci_cmake_flags; ci_test_noimplicitconversions; ci_test_legacycomparison; ci_test_disableenumserialization; ci_test_disabletuplereferenceconversion; ci_test_skiplibraryversioncheck; ci_test_simdutf; ci_test_strict_nul_handling; ci_test_delete_deprecated_functions; ci_test_no_thread_local |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_compilers_gcc_old_full` | 4.9; 5; 6 |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_compilers_gcc_full` | 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; latest |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_compilers_clang_full` | 3.5; 3.6; 3.7; 3.8; 3.9; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15-bullseye; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; latest |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_standards_gcc_full` | 11; 14; 17; 20; 23 |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_standards_clang_full` | 11, libcxx; 11, libstdcxx; 14, libcxx; 14, libstdcxx; 17, libcxx; 17, libstdcxx; 20, libcxx; 20, libstdcxx; 23, libcxx; 23, libstdcxx; 26, libstdcxx |
+    | full set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_module_cpp20` | gcc:latest; silkeh/clang:latest |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_infer` | - |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_static_analysis_ubuntu_nightly` | ci_test_valgrind |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_coverage` | - |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_cuda_example` | 11.8.0; 12.1.1; 12.6.3 |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_icpc` | - |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_icpx` | - |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_nvhpc` | - |
+    | nightly set | ubuntu.yml | `ci_test_arm64` | - |
+    | every push and PR | macos.yml | `macos-15` | 16.0; 16.1; 16.2; 16.3; 16.4; 26.0.1; 26.1.1; 26.2; 26.3 |
+    | every push and PR | macos.yml | `macos-26` | 26.4.1; 26.5; 26.6 |
+    | every push and PR | macos.yml | `xcode_standards` | 11; 14; 17; 20; 23; 26 |
+    | every push and PR | macos.yml | `swiftpm` | - |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `mingw` | x64; x86 |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `msvc` | Debug, Win32, default; Debug, Win32, latest; Debug, x64, default; Debug, x64, latest; Release, Win32, default; Release, Win32, latest; Release, x64, default; Release, x64, latest |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `msvc-vs2026` | Debug, Win32, default; Debug, Win32, latest; Debug, x64, default; Debug, x64, latest; Release, Win32, default; Release, Win32, latest; Release, x64, default; Release, x64, latest |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `msvc-arm64` | Debug; Release |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `clang` | 11.0.1; 12.0.1; 13.0.1; 14.0.6; 15.0.7; 16.0.6; 18.1.8; 19.1.7; 20.1.8 |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `clang-cl` | Win32; x64 |
+    | every push and PR | windows.yml | `ci_module_cpp20` | - |
+    <!-- ci_jobs: end -->
+
 ## C++ language compliance and compiler compatibility

 !!! success "Requirement: Compiler support"
@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
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-<rect class="nj-exceptions-badge nj-exceptions-badge--sched" x="156.5" y="1498" width="72.7" height="20" rx="10"/>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-badgetext nj-exceptions-badgetext--sched" x="192.85" y="1512">scheduled</text>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1540">CMake 3.5, 3.31.6, and 4.0.0</text>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1558">Meson, Swift Package Manager</text>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1576">dependency review on every PR</text>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1594">Dependabot daily, OpenSSF</text>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1612">Scorecard, R&#8203;EUSE</text>
+<rect class="nj-exceptions-box" x="26" y="1516" width="308" height="166" rx="8"/>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-ctitle" x="40" y="1541">Integration, supply chain</text>
+<rect class="nj-exceptions-badge nj-exceptions-badge--push" x="40" y="1552" width="110.5" height="20" rx="10"/>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-badgetext nj-exceptions-badgetext--push" x="95.25" y="1566">every push / PR</text>
+<rect class="nj-exceptions-badge nj-exceptions-badge--sched" x="156.5" y="1552" width="72.7" height="20" rx="10"/>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-badgetext nj-exceptions-badgetext--sched" x="192.85" y="1566">scheduled</text>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1594">CMake 3.5, 3.31.6, and 4.0.0</text>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1612">Meson, Swift Package Manager</text>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1630">dependency review on every PR</text>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1648">Dependabot daily, OpenSSF</text>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-line" x="40" y="1666">Scorecard, R&#8203;EUSE</text>
 </g>
-<line class="nj-exceptions-edge" x1="180" y1="1642" x2="180" y2="1668" marker-end="url(#nj-qa-arrow-n)"/>
-<rect class="nj-exceptions-stage nj-exceptions-stage--merge" x="65" y="1670" width="230" height="34" rx="17"/>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-stagetext" x="180" y="1692">merge into develop</text>
-<line class="nj-exceptions-edge" x1="180" y1="1704" x2="180" y2="1730" marker-end="url(#nj-qa-arrow-n)"/>
-<rect class="nj-exceptions-stage nj-exceptions-stage--merge" x="30" y="1732" width="300" height="46" rx="23"/>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-stagetext" x="180" y="1754">release</text>
-<text class="nj-exceptions-stagesub" x="180" y="1770">no open vulnerability alert</text>
+<line class="nj-exceptions-edge" x1="180" y1="1696" x2="180" y2="1722" marker-end="url(#nj-qa-arrow-n)"/>
+<rect class="nj-exceptions-stage nj-exceptions-stage--merge" x="65" y="1724" width="230" height="34" rx="17"/>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-stagetext" x="180" y="1746">merge into develop</text>
+<line class="nj-exceptions-edge" x1="180" y1="1758" x2="180" y2="1784" marker-end="url(#nj-qa-arrow-n)"/>
+<rect class="nj-exceptions-stage nj-exceptions-stage--merge" x="30" y="1786" width="300" height="46" rx="23"/>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-stagetext" x="180" y="1808">release</text>
+<text class="nj-exceptions-stagesub" x="180" y="1824">no open vulnerability alert</text>
 </svg>
@@ -22,19 +22,24 @@ P = "nj-exceptions-"
 TRIGGERS = {
    "push": ("every push / PR", "push"),
    "pr": ("every PR", "push"),
+    "merge": ("before merge", "push"),
+    "nightly": ("nightly", "sched"),
    "sched": ("scheduled", "sched"),
    "cont": ("continuous", "cont"),
 }

 # title, triggers, lines (at most 31 characters, so they fit a card of the three-column drawing)
 LANES = [
-    ("Build matrix", ["push"], [
+    ("Build matrix", ["push", "merge"], [
        "50+ compilers: GCC, Clang, MSVC,",
        "AppleClang, Intel, NVIDIA, ...",
        "C++11, 14, 17, 20, 23, and 26",
        "libc++ and libstdc++",
        "warnings: Clang -Weverything,",
        "GCC 300+ warnings",
+        "a subset on every push and PR,",
+        "all before merge; Intel, NVIDIA,",
+        "CUDA, and ARM64 nightly",
    ]),
    ("Unit tests (doctest)", ["push"], [
        "every public API function",
@@ -44,7 +49,7 @@ LANES = [
        "custom number, string, array,",
        "and object types",
    ]),
-    ("Coverage", ["push"], [
+    ("Coverage", ["nightly"], [
        "unit tests cover all lines",
        "of the code base",
    ]),
@@ -53,11 +58,11 @@ LANES = [
        "Clang Static Analyzer (52",
        "checkers), IWYU, Codacy",
        "CodeQL, Semgrep, Flawfinder",
-        "(also scheduled)",
+        "(also scheduled); Infer nightly",
    ]),
-    ("Dynamic analysis", ["push"], [
+    ("Dynamic analysis", ["push", "nightly"], [
        "runtime assertions",
-        "Valgrind (Memcheck)",
+        "Valgrind (Memcheck), nightly",
        "address and undefined behavior",
        "sanitizers, integer overflow,",
        "nullability violations",
@@ -178,7 +183,7 @@ def drawing(W, cols, suffix):
    defs = ('<defs><marker id="%s" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto">'
            '<path class="fg-head" d="M0 1 L10 5 L0 9 z"/></marker></defs>' % mid)
    tid, did = "nj-qa-title-" + suffix, "nj-qa-desc-" + suffix
-    desc = ("Every push or pull request starts these checks in parallel: " +
+    desc = ("A push or pull request starts these checks; the badges say when each runs: " +
            "; ".join("%s (%s): %s" % (t, ", ".join(TRIGGERS[k][0] for k in trig), " ".join(lines)) for t, trig, lines in LANES) +
            ". When they pass, the change is merged into develop; a release is made only when no vulnerability alert is open.")
    out = ['<svg class="nj-fig %sqa %sqa--%s" viewBox="0 0 %d %d" role="img" aria-labelledby="%s %s" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">'
@@ -69,8 +69,7 @@ struct parse_failure
 };

 /// FloatType: the number_float_t of the document, whose overflow parse() rejects
-/// Store: false for accept(): the grammar, number, string and UTF-8 checks run as for parse(), but no node is written
-template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd, bool Sentinel, bool Store>
+template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd, bool Sentinel>
 class builder
 {
  public:
@@ -246,87 +245,11 @@ class builder
        return p;
    }

-    /// the string from p, the first backslash, control character, ill-formed UTF-8 byte, or the end, checked and not
-    /// decoded (accept() stores nothing, so the arena is not written): the checks, errors and error positions of
-    /// slow_string(), for everything up to the closing quote
-    NLOHMANN_VIEW_NOINLINE decoded check_string(const unsigned char* p)
-    {
-        const unsigned char* const end = m_end;
-        for (;;)
-        {
-            if (p == end)
-            {
-                return failed(error_code::string_missing_quote, p);
-            }
-            const unsigned char c = *p;
-            if (c == '"')
-            {
-                ++p;
-                return decoded{p, 0, 0};
-            }
-            if (c != '\\')
-            {
-                return failed(c < 0x20 ? error_code::string_control_character : error_code::string_utf8, p);
-            }
-            ++p;
-            if (p == end)
-            {
-                return failed(error_code::string_missing_quote, p);
-            }
-            const unsigned char d = *p++;
-            if (d == 'u')
-            {
-                const int cp = hex4(p); // (moves p past the four digits)
-                if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(cp < 0))
-                {
-                    return failed(error_code::string_unicode_hex, p);
-                }
-                if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY((cp & 0xF800) == 0xD800)) // a surrogate
-                {
-                    if (cp >= 0xDC00)
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_surrogate_low, p);
-                    }
-                    if (end - p < 2 || p[0] != '\\' || p[1] != 'u')
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_surrogate_high, p);
-                    }
-                    p += 2;
-                    const int lo = hex4(p); // (moves p past the four digits)
-                    if (lo < 0)
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_unicode_hex, p);
-                    }
-                    if (lo < 0xDC00 || lo > 0xDFFF)
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_surrogate_high, p);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else if (!(d == '"' || d == '\\' || d == '/' || d == 'b' || d == 'f' || d == 'n' || d == 'r' || d == 't'))
-            {
-                --p;
-                return failed(error_code::string_escape, p);
-            }
-            if (p != end && *p == '\\')
-            {
-                continue; // (escapes in a row: no run of text between them)
-            }
-            p = scan_string_run(p, end); // the text up to the next backslash, quote, control character, or ill-formed UTF-8
-        }
-    }
-
    /// s points to the start of the string, p to a backslash, a control
    /// character, an ill-formed UTF-8 byte, or the end: decode the string into
    /// the arena
    NLOHMANN_VIEW_NOINLINE decoded slow_string(const unsigned char* s, const unsigned char* p)
    {
-        if (!enabled(Store))
-        {
-            // (accept(): the string is checked, not decoded)
-            static_cast<void>(s);
-            return check_string(p);
-        }
        // single-character escapes; 0: invalid (and 'u', handled separately)
        static const std::array<char, 128> simple_escape =
        {
@@ -687,13 +610,10 @@ run_found:

        NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE bool run()
        {
-            if (enabled(Store))
-            {
-                cold.m_doc.reserve(estimate_nodes(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b), static_cast<std::size_t>(e - b)));
-                base = cold.m_doc.nodes;
-                out = base;
-                cap = base + cold.m_doc.node_capacity;
-            }
+            cold.m_doc.reserve(estimate_nodes(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b), static_cast<std::size_t>(e - b)));
+            base = cold.m_doc.nodes;
+            out = base;
+            cap = base + cold.m_doc.node_capacity;

            if (e - p >= 3 && p[0] == 0xEF && p[1] == 0xBB && p[2] == 0xBF)
            {
@@ -877,10 +797,7 @@ close_object:
            // an array pays nothing for this)
            if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(cur_count >= document_data::index_min_members))
            {
-                if (enabled(Store))
-                {
-                    cold.note_large_object(cur_idx);
-                }
+                cold.note_large_object(cur_idx);
            }

 close_container:
@@ -1040,12 +957,6 @@ indent_done:
        /// an integer's value); two stores on little-endian targets
        NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE node* push_node(node_kind k, std::uint8_t flags, std::uint16_t extra, std::size_t off, std::uint64_t second)
        {
-            if (!enabled(Store))
-            {
-                // accept(): nothing is stored, so what computes the arguments is not run either. base and out stay
-                // null: their difference, which open() takes, is 0.
-                return out;
-            }
            if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(out == cap))
            {
                const auto n = static_cast<std::size_t>(out - base);
@@ -1104,12 +1015,9 @@ indent_done:

        NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE void close()
        {
-            if (enabled(Store))
-            {
-                node& n = base[cur_idx];
-                n.len = cur_count;
-                n.next = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(out - base) - cur_idx;
-            }
+            node& n = base[cur_idx];
+            n.len = cur_count;
+            n.next = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(out - base) - cur_idx;
            if (--depth != 0)
            {
                if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_LIKELY(depth <= 64))
@@ -1284,44 +1192,34 @@ indent_done:
 };

 /// run the builder with compile-time options
-template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd, bool Store>
+template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd>
 inline bool build_with(document_data& d, const char* src, std::size_t size, bool sentinel, parse_failure& failure)
 {
    if (sentinel)
    {
-        builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, true, Store> bld(d, src, size);
+        builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, true> bld(d, src, size);
        const bool ok = bld.run();
        failure = bld.failure();
        return ok;
    }
-    builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, false, Store> bld(d, src, size);
+    builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, false> bld(d, src, size);
    const bool ok = bld.run();
    failure = bld.failure();
    return ok;
 }

 /// sentinel: src[size] is readable and 0 (e.g. std::string); FloatType: the
-/// number_float_t of the document; validate_only: accept(), only the result is
-/// used
+/// number_float_t of the document
 template<typename FloatType, bool NulIsEnd>
-inline bool build(document_data& d, const char* src, std::size_t size, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool sentinel, bool validate_only,
-                  parse_failure& failure)
+inline bool build(document_data& d, const char* src, std::size_t size, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool sentinel, parse_failure& failure)
 {
-    if (validate_only && !comments && !trailing_commas)
-    {
-        // accept() of plain JSON: nothing is stored. The other option sets
-        // could skip the stores just as well; they keep the builder that
-        // stores only so that there are two more instantiations of the parse
-        // loop, not eight.
-        return build_with<FloatType, false, false, NulIsEnd, false>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
-    }
    if (comments)
    {
-        return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, true, true, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
-               : build_with<FloatType, true, false, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
+        return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, true, true, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
+               : build_with<FloatType, true, false, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
    }
-    return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, false, true, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
-           : build_with<FloatType, false, false, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
+    return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, false, true, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
+           : build_with<FloatType, false, false, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
 }

 }  // namespace view
@@ -766,6 +766,9 @@ class basic_json_view
    template<typename, typename> friend class detail::view::view_side;
    friend iterator;

+    /// whether the view is one of an editable document
+    static constexpr bool is_editable = Editable;
+
    basic_json_view(const document_data* d, const node* n) noexcept
        : m_doc(d), m_node(n)
    {}
@@ -1060,7 +1063,7 @@ class basic_json_document
                                     const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false)
    {
        basic_json_document d;
-        d.read_range(first, last, error_mode(allow_exceptions), ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
+        d.read_range(first, last, allow_exceptions, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
        return d;
    }

@@ -1075,7 +1078,7 @@ class basic_json_document
        basic_json_document d;
        std::string buf;
        append_input(buf, std::forward<InputType>(input));
-        d.build_owned(std::move(buf), error_mode(allow_exceptions), ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
+        d.build_owned(std::move(buf), allow_exceptions, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
        return d;
    }

@@ -1088,8 +1091,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    static bool accept(InputType&& input, const bool ignore_comments = false, const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false)
    {
        basic_json_document d;
-        d.read_kind(std::forward<InputType>(input), on_error::validate, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas,
-                    std::integral_constant<detail::view::input_kind, detail::view::classify_input<InputType>::value> {});
+        d.read(std::forward<InputType>(input), false, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
        return !d.is_discarded();
    }

@@ -1105,7 +1107,7 @@ class basic_json_document
              const bool ignore_comments = false,
              const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false)
    {
-        read_kind(std::forward<InputType>(input), error_mode(allow_exceptions), ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas,
+        read_kind(std::forward<InputType>(input), allow_exceptions, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas,
                  std::integral_constant<detail::view::input_kind, detail::view::classify_input<InputType>::value> {});
    }

@@ -1464,22 +1466,6 @@ class basic_json_document
        return idx;
    }

-    /// what a failed parse does
-    enum class on_error : std::uint8_t
-    {
-        discard, ///< the document is discarded
-        raise,   ///< parse_error is thrown
-        validate ///< accept(): the document is discarded, and no node is stored while parsing
-    };
-
-    static on_error error_mode(bool allow_exceptions) noexcept
-    {
-        return allow_exceptions ? on_error::raise : on_error::discard;
-    }
-
-    /// NulIsEnd of the builder: a null byte ends the input unless strict_nul_handling
-    static constexpr bool nul_is_end = !detail::abi_config::strict_nul_handling;
-
    /// create the storage (sized for the input) on first use
    void ensure_data(const char* src, std::size_t size)
    {
@@ -1491,7 +1477,7 @@ class basic_json_document

    /// parse a buffer the document takes ownership of (it replaces the
    /// previous owned copy)
-    void build_owned(std::string&& buf, on_error allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
+    void build_owned(std::string&& buf, bool allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
    {
        ensure_data(buf.data(), buf.size());
        m_data->owned = std::move(buf);
@@ -1501,7 +1487,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    /// parse a copy of the input; the copy is appended to the cleared owned
    /// buffer, so that its capacity is reused
    template<typename T>
-    void build_copy(T&& input, on_error allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
+    void build_copy(T&& input, bool allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
    {
        if (!m_data)
        {
@@ -1522,7 +1508,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    /// sentinel: src[size] is readable and 0 (std::string, C strings)
-    void build(const char* src, std::size_t size, on_error allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool owned, bool sentinel)
+    void build(const char* src, std::size_t size, bool allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool owned, bool sentinel)
    {
        ensure_data(src, size);
        document_data& d = *m_data;
@@ -1549,8 +1535,7 @@ class basic_json_document
        }
        else
        {
-            ok = detail::view::build<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t, nul_is_end>(d, src, size, comments, trailing_commas, sentinel,
-                 allow_exceptions == on_error::validate, failure);
+            ok = detail::view::build < typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t, !detail::abi_config::strict_nul_handling > (d, src, size, comments, trailing_commas, sentinel, failure);
        }
        if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_LIKELY(ok))
        {
@@ -1563,7 +1548,7 @@ class basic_json_document
            return;
        }
        std::vector<std::uint32_t>().swap(d.large_objects);
-        if (allow_exceptions == on_error::raise)
+        if (allow_exceptions)
        {
            detail::view::throw_parse_failure<BasicJsonType>(failure, src, size, comments, trailing_commas);
        }
@@ -1571,13 +1556,13 @@ class basic_json_document

    // --- input dispatch (see detail::view::input_kind) ---

-    void read_kind(std::string&& s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::move_string> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(std::string&& s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::move_string> /*unused*/)
    {
        build_owned(std::move(s), ae, c, tc);
    }

    template<typename CharT>
-    void read_kind(CharT* s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::c_string> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(CharT* s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::c_string> /*unused*/)
    {
        if (s == nullptr)
        {
@@ -1591,7 +1576,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename Array>
-    void read_kind(Array& a, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::char_array> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(Array& a, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::char_array> /*unused*/)
    {
        using CharT = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_extent<Array>::type>::type;
        const std::size_t n = std::extent<Array>::value;
@@ -1602,7 +1587,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename T>
-    void read_kind(const T& s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::borrow_range> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(const T& s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::borrow_range> /*unused*/)
    {
        // std::basic_string guarantees data()[size()] == 0: use it as sentinel
        const auto size = static_cast<std::size_t>(s.size());
@@ -1611,13 +1596,13 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename T>
-    void read_kind(const T& s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::copy_range> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(const T& s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::copy_range> /*unused*/)
    {
        build_copy(s, ae, c, tc);
    }

    template<typename CharT>
-    void read_kind(CharT* s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::wide_c_string> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(CharT* s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::wide_c_string> /*unused*/)
    {
        if (s == nullptr)
        {
@@ -1629,13 +1614,13 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename T>
-    void read_kind(T&& input, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::adapter> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(T&& input, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::adapter> /*unused*/)
    {
        build_copy(std::forward<T>(input), ae, c, tc);
    }

    template<typename IteratorType>
-    void read_range(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc)
+    void read_range(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, bool ae, bool c, bool tc)
    {
        using value_type = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type>::type;
        // borrow the range where the library's input adapter scans it as one
@@ -1646,14 +1631,14 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename IteratorType>
-    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::true_type /*contiguous bytes*/)
+    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::true_type /*contiguous bytes*/)
    {
        const auto size = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(first, last));
        build(size == 0 ? "" : reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&*first), size, ae, c, tc, false, size == 0); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
    }

    template<typename IteratorType>
-    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::false_type /*other*/)
+    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::false_type /*other*/)
    {
        build_copy(detail::view::make_adapter_input(detail::input_adapter(first, last)), ae, c, tc);
    }
@@ -1311,8 +1311,7 @@ struct parse_failure
 };

 /// FloatType: the number_float_t of the document, whose overflow parse() rejects
-/// Store: false for accept(): the grammar, number, string and UTF-8 checks run as for parse(), but no node is written
-template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd, bool Sentinel, bool Store>
+template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd, bool Sentinel>
 class builder
 {
  public:
@@ -1488,87 +1487,11 @@ class builder
        return p;
    }

-    /// the string from p, the first backslash, control character, ill-formed UTF-8 byte, or the end, checked and not
-    /// decoded (accept() stores nothing, so the arena is not written): the checks, errors and error positions of
-    /// slow_string(), for everything up to the closing quote
-    NLOHMANN_VIEW_NOINLINE decoded check_string(const unsigned char* p)
-    {
-        const unsigned char* const end = m_end;
-        for (;;)
-        {
-            if (p == end)
-            {
-                return failed(error_code::string_missing_quote, p);
-            }
-            const unsigned char c = *p;
-            if (c == '"')
-            {
-                ++p;
-                return decoded{p, 0, 0};
-            }
-            if (c != '\\')
-            {
-                return failed(c < 0x20 ? error_code::string_control_character : error_code::string_utf8, p);
-            }
-            ++p;
-            if (p == end)
-            {
-                return failed(error_code::string_missing_quote, p);
-            }
-            const unsigned char d = *p++;
-            if (d == 'u')
-            {
-                const int cp = hex4(p); // (moves p past the four digits)
-                if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(cp < 0))
-                {
-                    return failed(error_code::string_unicode_hex, p);
-                }
-                if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY((cp & 0xF800) == 0xD800)) // a surrogate
-                {
-                    if (cp >= 0xDC00)
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_surrogate_low, p);
-                    }
-                    if (end - p < 2 || p[0] != '\\' || p[1] != 'u')
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_surrogate_high, p);
-                    }
-                    p += 2;
-                    const int lo = hex4(p); // (moves p past the four digits)
-                    if (lo < 0)
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_unicode_hex, p);
-                    }
-                    if (lo < 0xDC00 || lo > 0xDFFF)
-                    {
-                        return failed(error_code::string_surrogate_high, p);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else if (!(d == '"' || d == '\\' || d == '/' || d == 'b' || d == 'f' || d == 'n' || d == 'r' || d == 't'))
-            {
-                --p;
-                return failed(error_code::string_escape, p);
-            }
-            if (p != end && *p == '\\')
-            {
-                continue; // (escapes in a row: no run of text between them)
-            }
-            p = scan_string_run(p, end); // the text up to the next backslash, quote, control character, or ill-formed UTF-8
-        }
-    }
-
    /// s points to the start of the string, p to a backslash, a control
    /// character, an ill-formed UTF-8 byte, or the end: decode the string into
    /// the arena
    NLOHMANN_VIEW_NOINLINE decoded slow_string(const unsigned char* s, const unsigned char* p)
    {
-        if (!enabled(Store))
-        {
-            // (accept(): the string is checked, not decoded)
-            static_cast<void>(s);
-            return check_string(p);
-        }
        // single-character escapes; 0: invalid (and 'u', handled separately)
        static const std::array<char, 128> simple_escape =
        {
@@ -1929,13 +1852,10 @@ run_found:

        NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE bool run()
        {
-            if (enabled(Store))
-            {
-                cold.m_doc.reserve(estimate_nodes(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b), static_cast<std::size_t>(e - b)));
-                base = cold.m_doc.nodes;
-                out = base;
-                cap = base + cold.m_doc.node_capacity;
-            }
+            cold.m_doc.reserve(estimate_nodes(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b), static_cast<std::size_t>(e - b)));
+            base = cold.m_doc.nodes;
+            out = base;
+            cap = base + cold.m_doc.node_capacity;

            if (e - p >= 3 && p[0] == 0xEF && p[1] == 0xBB && p[2] == 0xBF)
            {
@@ -2119,10 +2039,7 @@ close_object:
            // an array pays nothing for this)
            if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(cur_count >= document_data::index_min_members))
            {
-                if (enabled(Store))
-                {
-                    cold.note_large_object(cur_idx);
-                }
+                cold.note_large_object(cur_idx);
            }

 close_container:
@@ -2282,12 +2199,6 @@ indent_done:
        /// an integer's value); two stores on little-endian targets
        NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE node* push_node(node_kind k, std::uint8_t flags, std::uint16_t extra, std::size_t off, std::uint64_t second)
        {
-            if (!enabled(Store))
-            {
-                // accept(): nothing is stored, so what computes the arguments is not run either. base and out stay
-                // null: their difference, which open() takes, is 0.
-                return out;
-            }
            if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_UNLIKELY(out == cap))
            {
                const auto n = static_cast<std::size_t>(out - base);
@@ -2346,12 +2257,9 @@ indent_done:

        NLOHMANN_VIEW_ALWAYS_INLINE void close()
        {
-            if (enabled(Store))
-            {
-                node& n = base[cur_idx];
-                n.len = cur_count;
-                n.next = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(out - base) - cur_idx;
-            }
+            node& n = base[cur_idx];
+            n.len = cur_count;
+            n.next = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(out - base) - cur_idx;
            if (--depth != 0)
            {
                if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_LIKELY(depth <= 64))
@@ -2526,44 +2434,34 @@ indent_done:
 };

 /// run the builder with compile-time options
-template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd, bool Store>
+template<typename FloatType, bool Comments, bool TrailingCommas, bool NulIsEnd>
 inline bool build_with(document_data& d, const char* src, std::size_t size, bool sentinel, parse_failure& failure)
 {
    if (sentinel)
    {
-        builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, true, Store> bld(d, src, size);
+        builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, true> bld(d, src, size);
        const bool ok = bld.run();
        failure = bld.failure();
        return ok;
    }
-    builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, false, Store> bld(d, src, size);
+    builder<FloatType, Comments, TrailingCommas, NulIsEnd, false> bld(d, src, size);
    const bool ok = bld.run();
    failure = bld.failure();
    return ok;
 }

 /// sentinel: src[size] is readable and 0 (e.g. std::string); FloatType: the
-/// number_float_t of the document; validate_only: accept(), only the result is
-/// used
+/// number_float_t of the document
 template<typename FloatType, bool NulIsEnd>
-inline bool build(document_data& d, const char* src, std::size_t size, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool sentinel, bool validate_only,
-                  parse_failure& failure)
+inline bool build(document_data& d, const char* src, std::size_t size, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool sentinel, parse_failure& failure)
 {
-    if (validate_only && !comments && !trailing_commas)
-    {
-        // accept() of plain JSON: nothing is stored. The other option sets
-        // could skip the stores just as well; they keep the builder that
-        // stores only so that there are two more instantiations of the parse
-        // loop, not eight.
-        return build_with<FloatType, false, false, NulIsEnd, false>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
-    }
    if (comments)
    {
-        return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, true, true, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
-               : build_with<FloatType, true, false, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
+        return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, true, true, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
+               : build_with<FloatType, true, false, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
    }
-    return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, false, true, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
-           : build_with<FloatType, false, false, NulIsEnd, true>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
+    return trailing_commas ? build_with<FloatType, false, true, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure)
+           : build_with<FloatType, false, false, NulIsEnd>(d, src, size, sentinel, failure);
 }

 }  // namespace view
@@ -9909,6 +9807,9 @@ class basic_json_view
    template<typename, typename> friend class detail::view::view_side;
    friend iterator;

+    /// whether the view is one of an editable document
+    static constexpr bool is_editable = Editable;
+
    basic_json_view(const document_data* d, const node* n) noexcept
        : m_doc(d), m_node(n)
    {}
@@ -10203,7 +10104,7 @@ class basic_json_document
                                     const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false)
    {
        basic_json_document d;
-        d.read_range(first, last, error_mode(allow_exceptions), ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
+        d.read_range(first, last, allow_exceptions, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
        return d;
    }

@@ -10218,7 +10119,7 @@ class basic_json_document
        basic_json_document d;
        std::string buf;
        append_input(buf, std::forward<InputType>(input));
-        d.build_owned(std::move(buf), error_mode(allow_exceptions), ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
+        d.build_owned(std::move(buf), allow_exceptions, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
        return d;
    }

@@ -10231,8 +10132,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    static bool accept(InputType&& input, const bool ignore_comments = false, const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false)
    {
        basic_json_document d;
-        d.read_kind(std::forward<InputType>(input), on_error::validate, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas,
-                    std::integral_constant<detail::view::input_kind, detail::view::classify_input<InputType>::value> {});
+        d.read(std::forward<InputType>(input), false, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas);
        return !d.is_discarded();
    }

@@ -10248,7 +10148,7 @@ class basic_json_document
              const bool ignore_comments = false,
              const bool ignore_trailing_commas = false)
    {
-        read_kind(std::forward<InputType>(input), error_mode(allow_exceptions), ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas,
+        read_kind(std::forward<InputType>(input), allow_exceptions, ignore_comments, ignore_trailing_commas,
                  std::integral_constant<detail::view::input_kind, detail::view::classify_input<InputType>::value> {});
    }

@@ -10607,22 +10507,6 @@ class basic_json_document
        return idx;
    }

-    /// what a failed parse does
-    enum class on_error : std::uint8_t
-    {
-        discard, ///< the document is discarded
-        raise,   ///< parse_error is thrown
-        validate ///< accept(): the document is discarded, and no node is stored while parsing
-    };
-
-    static on_error error_mode(bool allow_exceptions) noexcept
-    {
-        return allow_exceptions ? on_error::raise : on_error::discard;
-    }
-
-    /// NulIsEnd of the builder: a null byte ends the input unless strict_nul_handling
-    static constexpr bool nul_is_end = !detail::abi_config::strict_nul_handling;
-
    /// create the storage (sized for the input) on first use
    void ensure_data(const char* src, std::size_t size)
    {
@@ -10634,7 +10518,7 @@ class basic_json_document

    /// parse a buffer the document takes ownership of (it replaces the
    /// previous owned copy)
-    void build_owned(std::string&& buf, on_error allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
+    void build_owned(std::string&& buf, bool allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
    {
        ensure_data(buf.data(), buf.size());
        m_data->owned = std::move(buf);
@@ -10644,7 +10528,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    /// parse a copy of the input; the copy is appended to the cleared owned
    /// buffer, so that its capacity is reused
    template<typename T>
-    void build_copy(T&& input, on_error allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
+    void build_copy(T&& input, bool allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas)
    {
        if (!m_data)
        {
@@ -10665,7 +10549,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    /// sentinel: src[size] is readable and 0 (std::string, C strings)
-    void build(const char* src, std::size_t size, on_error allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool owned, bool sentinel)
+    void build(const char* src, std::size_t size, bool allow_exceptions, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool owned, bool sentinel)
    {
        ensure_data(src, size);
        document_data& d = *m_data;
@@ -10692,8 +10576,7 @@ class basic_json_document
        }
        else
        {
-            ok = detail::view::build<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t, nul_is_end>(d, src, size, comments, trailing_commas, sentinel,
-                 allow_exceptions == on_error::validate, failure);
+            ok = detail::view::build < typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t, !detail::abi_config::strict_nul_handling > (d, src, size, comments, trailing_commas, sentinel, failure);
        }
        if (NLOHMANN_VIEW_LIKELY(ok))
        {
@@ -10706,7 +10589,7 @@ class basic_json_document
            return;
        }
        std::vector<std::uint32_t>().swap(d.large_objects);
-        if (allow_exceptions == on_error::raise)
+        if (allow_exceptions)
        {
            detail::view::throw_parse_failure<BasicJsonType>(failure, src, size, comments, trailing_commas);
        }
@@ -10714,13 +10597,13 @@ class basic_json_document

    // --- input dispatch (see detail::view::input_kind) ---

-    void read_kind(std::string&& s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::move_string> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(std::string&& s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::move_string> /*unused*/)
    {
        build_owned(std::move(s), ae, c, tc);
    }

    template<typename CharT>
-    void read_kind(CharT* s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::c_string> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(CharT* s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::c_string> /*unused*/)
    {
        if (s == nullptr)
        {
@@ -10734,7 +10617,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename Array>
-    void read_kind(Array& a, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::char_array> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(Array& a, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::char_array> /*unused*/)
    {
        using CharT = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_extent<Array>::type>::type;
        const std::size_t n = std::extent<Array>::value;
@@ -10745,7 +10628,7 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename T>
-    void read_kind(const T& s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::borrow_range> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(const T& s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::borrow_range> /*unused*/)
    {
        // std::basic_string guarantees data()[size()] == 0: use it as sentinel
        const auto size = static_cast<std::size_t>(s.size());
@@ -10754,13 +10637,13 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename T>
-    void read_kind(const T& s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::copy_range> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(const T& s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::copy_range> /*unused*/)
    {
        build_copy(s, ae, c, tc);
    }

    template<typename CharT>
-    void read_kind(CharT* s, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::wide_c_string> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(CharT* s, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::wide_c_string> /*unused*/)
    {
        if (s == nullptr)
        {
@@ -10772,13 +10655,13 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename T>
-    void read_kind(T&& input, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::adapter> /*unused*/)
+    void read_kind(T&& input, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::integral_constant<input_kind, input_kind::adapter> /*unused*/)
    {
        build_copy(std::forward<T>(input), ae, c, tc);
    }

    template<typename IteratorType>
-    void read_range(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc)
+    void read_range(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, bool ae, bool c, bool tc)
    {
        using value_type = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type>::type;
        // borrow the range where the library's input adapter scans it as one
@@ -10789,14 +10672,14 @@ class basic_json_document
    }

    template<typename IteratorType>
-    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::true_type /*contiguous bytes*/)
+    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::true_type /*contiguous bytes*/)
    {
        const auto size = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(first, last));
        build(size == 0 ? "" : reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&*first), size, ae, c, tc, false, size == 0); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast)
    }

    template<typename IteratorType>
-    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, on_error ae, bool c, bool tc, std::false_type /*other*/)
+    void read_range_impl(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, bool ae, bool c, bool tc, std::false_type /*other*/)
    {
        build_copy(detail::view::make_adapter_input(detail::input_adapter(first, last)), ae, c, tc);
    }
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ built build(const std::string& text, bool comments, bool trailing_commas, bool s
        r.copy.assign(text.begin(), text.end());
        src = r.copy.data();
    }
-    constexpr bool nul_is_end = !nlohmann::detail::abi_config::strict_nul_handling;
-    r.ok = nlohmann::detail::view::build<FloatType, nul_is_end>(*r.data, src, text.size(), comments, trailing_commas, sentinel, false, r.failure);
+    r.ok = nlohmann::detail::view::build < FloatType, !nlohmann::detail::abi_config::strict_nul_handling > (*r.data, src, text.size(), comments, trailing_commas, sentinel, r.failure);
    r.data->src = src;
    r.data->base[0] = src;
    r.data->base[1] = r.data->arena.data();
@@ -173,22 +172,6 @@ void check_string(const std::string& content)
    }
 }

-// accept() stores no nodes: it must accept and reject what json::accept does, for all options and for inputs with
-// and without a terminating NUL
-void check_accept(const std::string& text)
-{
-    CAPTURE(text)
-    const std::vector<char> bytes(text.begin(), text.end());
-    for (int options = 0; options < 4; ++options)
-    {
-        const bool comments = (options & 1) != 0;
-        const bool trailing_commas = (options & 2) != 0;
-        const bool accepted = json::accept(text, comments, trailing_commas);
-        CHECK(nlohmann::json_document::accept(text, comments, trailing_commas) == accepted);
-        CHECK(nlohmann::json_document::accept(bytes, comments, trailing_commas) == accepted);
-    }
-}
-
 // a small deterministic generator of documents
 struct generator
 {
@@ -440,133 +423,6 @@ TEST_CASE("json_view builder")
        }
    }

-    SECTION("accept() without an index")
-    {
-        for (const char* text :
-                {
-                    "", " ", "\n", "null", "nul", "true", "[", "]", "[]", "{}", "[1,2,3]", "[1,2,3", "[1,2,3,]", "{\"a\":1,}", "{\"a\"}", "{\"a\":}",
-                    "[1] x", "[1][2]", "\xEF\xBB\xBF[1]", "[\"a\\", "[\"\\u12\"]", "[\"\\ud800\"]", "[\"\x01\"]", "[\"\xff\"]", "[01]", "[1.]",
-                    "[.5]", "[-]", "[1e]", "// c\n[1]", "/* c */ {\"a\" /* x */ : 1}", "/* c", "[1] // c", "1e400", "-1e400", "123456789012345678901234567890",
-                    "{\"a\":1,\"a\":2}", "[[[]]]", "\"\\u00e4\\n\\ud83d\\ude00\""
-                })
-        {
-            check_accept(text);
-        }
-        // a null byte inside the text, and after it
-        check_accept(std::string("[1,\0]", 5));
-        check_accept(std::string("[1]\0", 4));
-        check_accept(std::string("\0", 1));
-
-        // generated documents and damaged copies, as for the builder above
-        generator g;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 2000; ++i)
-        {
-            std::string text;
-            g.value(text, 0);
-            check_accept(text);
-            std::string damaged = text;
-            const auto at = static_cast<std::size_t>(g.r(static_cast<int>(damaged.size())));
-            static const char replacements[] = {'x', '"', '\\', ',', ':', ']', '}', '[', '{', '1', '-', '.', 'e', '\0', '\n', '/'}; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays,hicpp-avoid-c-arrays,modernize-avoid-c-arrays)
-            damaged[at] = replacements[g.r(16)];
-            check_accept(damaged);
-            check_accept(text.substr(0, at));
-        }
-
-        // nesting beyond the 64 levels that are kept on the builder's own stack, closed and not closed
-        for (const std::size_t depth :
-                {
-                    63, 64, 65, 66, 200, 1000
-                })
-        {
-            check_accept(std::string(depth, '[') + std::string(depth, ']'));
-            check_accept(std::string(depth, '[') + std::string(depth - 1, ']'));
-            std::string objects;
-            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < depth; ++i)
-            {
-                objects += "{\"k\":";
-            }
-            objects += "1" + std::string(depth, '}');
-            check_accept(objects);
-            check_accept(objects.substr(0, objects.size() - 1));
-        }
-
-        // objects with enough members to get a hash index when they are indexed (and duplicate keys)
-        std::string large = "{";
-        for (int i = 0; i < 300; ++i)
-        {
-            large += (i == 0 ? "\"k" : ",\"k") + std::to_string(i % 200) + "\":" + std::to_string(i);
-        }
-        check_accept(large + "}");
-        check_accept(large);
-        check_accept("[" + large + "},{" + large.substr(1) + "}]");
-
-        // the overflow check uses the floating-point type of the document
-        using float_json = nlohmann::basic_json<std::map, std::vector, std::string, bool, std::int64_t, std::uint64_t, float>;
-        for (const char* text :
-                {
-                    "1e39", "-1e39", "3.4028235e38", "3.4028236e38", "[1.5e38, 3.5e38]", "{\"a\": 1e-50, \"b\": 1e39}", "340282356779733661637539395458142568448"
-                })
-        {
-            CAPTURE(text)
-            CHECK(nlohmann::basic_json_document<float_json>::accept(text) == float_json::accept(text));
-        }
-
-        // strings are checked and not decoded: runs of text of every length from 0 to 40 between valid and invalid
-        // escapes, UTF-8 sequences and control characters, in values and in keys, cut near the end of the text
-        const std::array<const char*, 9> valid = {{"\\n", "\\\"", "\\\\", "\\/", "\\t", "\\u00e4", "\\u20ac", "\\ud83d\\ude00", "\\u0000"}};
-        const std::array<const char*, 12> invalid = {{"\\x", "\\ud800", "\\udc00", "\\u12G4", "\\u12", "\\ud83dx", "\\ud83d\\u0041", "\\ud83d\\ud83d", "\\", "\x01", "\x1f", "\x7f"}};
-        const std::array<const char*, 6> utf8 = {{"\xc3\xa4", "\xe2\x82\xac", "\xf0\x9f\x98\x80", "\xc3", "\xff", "\x80"}};
-        std::mt19937 rng(2029); // NOLINT(cert-msc32-c,cert-msc51-cpp,bugprone-random-generator-seed): reproducible
-        for (std::size_t run = 0; run <= 40; ++run)
-        {
-            for (int i = 0; i < 30; ++i)
-            {
-                std::string content = std::string(rng() % 20, 'a');
-                const auto pieces = 1 + (rng() % 6);
-                for (unsigned k = 0; k < pieces; ++k)
-                {
-                    content += valid[rng() % valid.size()];
-                    content += std::string(k == 0 ? run : rng() % 41, static_cast<char>('b' + (rng() % 20)));
-                    switch (rng() % 8)
-                    {
-                        case 0:
-                            content += utf8[rng() % 3];
-                            break;
-                        case 1:
-                            content += utf8[rng() % utf8.size()];
-                            break;
-                        case 2:
-                            content += invalid[rng() % invalid.size()];
-                            break;
-                        default:
-                            break;
-                    }
-                }
-                for (const std::string& text :
-                        {
-                            "[\"" + content + "\"]", "{\"" + content + "\":1}", "[\"" + content, "[\"" + content.substr(0, content.size() - (rng() % 4)) + "\"]"
-                        })
-                {
-                    check_accept(text);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    SECTION("escapes in a row")
-    {
-        for (const char* content :
-                {
-                    "\\n", "\\n\\t\\\\", "\\u00e9\\u00e9\\u4e2d", "\\u00e9\\u00e", "\\u00e9\\", "\\n\\q", "\\n\\ud83d\\ude00\\n",
-                    "\\ud83d\\ude00\\ud83d", "\\n\\n\\n abc \\n\\n", "\\n\x01", "\\n\xC3\x28", "\\n\\"
-                })
-        {
-            check_accept(std::string("[\"") + content + "\"]");
-            check_accept(std::string("[\"") + content);
-            check_accept(std::string("{\"") + content + "\":1}");
-        }
-    }
-
    SECTION("test files")
    {
        for (const char* name :
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# check_path_filters
+
+The compiler workflows [`ubuntu.yml`](../../.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml),
+[`macos.yml`](../../.github/workflows/macos.yml), and [`windows.yml`](../../.github/workflows/windows.yml) skip pull
+requests that change only files no compiler job reads: the documentation, Markdown files, GitHub metadata, other
+workflows, and the license files. Pushes to `develop`, `master`, and `release/*` always run them. The documentation,
+license, and path-filter checks run in [`repository_checks.yml`](../../.github/workflows/repository_checks.yml), which
+has no path filter.
+
+The filter starts with `'**'` and excludes these files explicitly, so a new file runs the compiler workflows unless it
+is excluded on purpose. [`check_path_filters.py`](check_path_filters.py) holds the filter (`PATHS`) and checks that
+
+- each of the three workflows has exactly this filter, with its own workflow file included,
+- the CI targets that read excluded files (`UNFILTERED_TARGETS`) do not run in these workflows, and
+- no file the filter keeps (sources, tests, build files, tools, workflows) mentions an excluded file or directory
+  outside a comment line, unless the mention is listed in `KNOWN_REFERENCES` with a reason.
+
+When the check reports a mention, decide whether a compiler job reads that file:
+
+- If it does, include the file in `PATHS` after the exclusions (as `package_managers.md` and the Swift example are) and
+  copy the new filter into the three workflows.
+- If it does not, add the mention to `KNOWN_REFERENCES` with the reason.
+
+Run the check with
+
+```shell
+python3 tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py
+```
+
+To see which workflows a pull request would run, pass the changed files:
+
+```shell
+python3 tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py --changed $(git diff --name-only origin/develop)
+```
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Check the path filters of the compiler workflows.
+
+ubuntu.yml, macos.yml and windows.yml skip pull requests that change only files
+no compiler job reads (documentation, Markdown files, GitHub metadata, license
+files). The filter starts with '**' and excludes these files explicitly, so a
+new file runs the workflows unless it is excluded on purpose.
+
+The script checks that
+
+- each of the three workflows has exactly the filter defined in PATHS below,
+  with its own workflow file included, and
+- no tracked file that the filter keeps (sources, tests, build files, tools,
+  workflows) mentions a file the filter excludes, unless the mention is listed
+  in KNOWN_REFERENCES with the reason why it does not matter.
+
+A mention found this way must either be added to PATHS as an included path
+(the file is read by a compiler job) or to KNOWN_REFERENCES (it is not).
+
+With --changed FILE..., the script prints instead which workflows a pull
+request changing these files would run.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess  # nosec B404
+import sys
+
+REPO_ROOT = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(sys.path[0], '..', '..'))
+SELF = 'tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py'
+
+WORKFLOWS = ['.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml', '.github/workflows/macos.yml', '.github/workflows/windows.yml']
+
+# The pull_request paths filter of the workflows above; '{workflow}' is replaced
+# with the workflow's own file. GitHub applies the patterns in order: a file
+# matching a later pattern is included ('pattern') or excluded ('!pattern').
+PATHS = [
+    '**',
+    '!docs/**',
+    '!**.md',
+    '!.github/*',
+    '!.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/**',
+    '!.github/external_ci/**',
+    '!.github/workflows/**',
+    '!.reuse/**',
+    '!LICENSES/**',
+    '!CITATION.cff',
+    '!REUSE.toml',
+    # read by tools/check_build_options in the ci_meson_install job (ubuntu.yml)
+    'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/package_managers.md',
+    # built by the swiftpm job (macos.yml)
+    'docs/mkdocs/docs/integration/swift/**',
+    '{workflow}',
+]
+
+# Mentions of excluded files that no job of the three workflows depends on:
+# (file that mentions it, the mention, reason)
+KNOWN_REFERENCES = [
+    ('cmake/ci.cmake', 'docs/', 'ci_test_examples; runs in repository_checks.yml, which has no path filter'),
+    ('cmake/ci.cmake', 'docs/mkdocs/', 'ci_test_build_documentation and ci_test_documentation_mermaid; they run in '
+                                       'repository_checks.yml, which has no path filter'),
+    ('cmake/ci.cmake', 'docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/', 'indentation check of ci_test_amalgamation; the same check runs in '
+                                                     'check_amalgamation.yml, which has no path filter'),
+    ('Makefile', 'docs/mkdocs/docs/examples/', 'make pretty; runs in check_amalgamation.yml, which has no path filter'),
+    ('Makefile', 'ChangeLog.md', 'make ChangeLog.md writes the file; no CI job runs it'),
+    ('Makefile', 'tests/fuzzing.md', 'help text'),
+    ('Makefile', 'tools/generate_natvis/README.md', 'help text'),
+    ('tests/src/make_test_data_available.hpp', 'README.md', 'a file of the external test data repository'),
+    ('tools/check_build_options/check_build_options.py', 'docs/', 'builds the path of package_managers.md, which '
+                                                                  'PATHS includes'),
+    ('tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py', 'docs/mkdocs/docs/community/quality_assurance.md',
+     'checks the job table; runs in repository_checks.yml, which has no path filter'),
+    ('tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py', '.github/workflows/repository_checks.yml', 'read by --compare, a manual check'),
+    ('tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py', '.github/workflows/check_amalgamation.yml', 'read by --compare, a manual check'),
+]
+
+
+# CI targets that read excluded files; they must run in a workflow without a path filter
+UNFILTERED_TARGETS = ['ci_test_examples', 'ci_test_build_documentation', 'ci_test_documentation_mermaid',
+                      'ci_test_amalgamation', 'ci_reuse_compliance']
+
+
+def git_files(root):
+    # fixed command, no user input; includes new files not yet added, so a local run
+    # sees what CI sees after the commit
+    out = subprocess.check_output(['git', 'ls-files', '-z', '--cached', '--others', '--exclude-standard'], cwd=root)  # nosec B603, B607
+    return [f for f in out.decode('utf-8').split('\0') if f]
+
+
+def glob_to_regex(pattern):
+    """Translate a GitHub Actions path pattern to a regular expression."""
+    regex = ''
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(pattern):
+        if pattern.startswith('**', i):
+            regex += '.*'
+            i += 2
+        elif pattern[i] == '*':
+            regex += '[^/]*'
+            i += 1
+        elif pattern[i] == '?':
+            regex += '[^/]'
+            i += 1
+        else:
+            regex += re.escape(pattern[i])
+            i += 1
+    return re.compile(regex + r'\Z')
+
+
+def compile_filter(paths, workflow):
+    return [(p.startswith('!'), glob_to_regex(p.lstrip('!').replace('{workflow}', workflow))) for p in paths]
+
+
+def included(compiled, path):
+    result = False
+    for negated, regex in compiled:
+        if regex.match(path):
+            result = not negated
+    return result
+
+
+def read_filter(root, workflow):
+    """Return the pull_request paths list of a workflow file."""
+    with open(os.path.join(root, workflow), encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        lines = f.read().splitlines()
+    paths = None
+    in_pull_request = False
+    for line in lines:
+        if re.match(r'^  pull_request:', line):
+            in_pull_request = True
+            continue
+        if in_pull_request:
+            if re.match(r'^  \S', line) or re.match(r'^\S', line):
+                break
+            if re.match(r'^    paths:\s*$', line):
+                paths = []
+                continue
+            m = re.match(r"^      - '(.*)'\s*(#.*)?$", line)
+            if paths is not None and m:
+                paths.append(m.group(1))
+            elif paths is not None and line.strip() and not line.strip().startswith('#'):
+                break
+    return paths
+
+
+TOKEN = re.compile(r'(["\'/]?)([\w.-]+(?:/[\w.-]+)*)')
+
+
+COMMENT_LINE = re.compile(r'^[ \t]*(//|#|/?\*|--).*$', re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+class Mentions:
+    """Finds the words and paths in a text that name an excluded file or directory."""
+
+    def __init__(self, files, excluded, is_excluded):
+        self.files = set(files)
+        self.excluded = excluded
+        self.dirs = {'/'.join(f.split('/')[:n]) for f in files for n in range(1, f.count('/') + 1)}
+        # an excluded directory: a new file in it would be excluded
+        self.excluded_dirs = {d for d in self.dirs if is_excluded(d + '/new_file')}
+        # base names that only excluded files have, e.g. 'ChangeLog.md' but not 'CMakeLists.txt'
+        self.names = {os.path.basename(f) for f in excluded} - {os.path.basename(f) for f in files if f not in excluded}
+
+    def find(self, text):
+        """Yield (offset, mention) for every word or path in text that names an excluded file or directory."""
+        for m in TOKEN.finditer(text):
+            parts = m.group(2).rstrip('/').split('/')
+            # a single word names a directory only in a path context, e.g. 'docs' in os.path.join('docs', ...)
+            path_context = len(parts) > 1 or m.group(1)
+            for i in range(len(parts)):
+                path = '/'.join(parts[i:])
+                if path in self.files:
+                    if path in self.excluded:
+                        yield m.start(2), path
+                    break
+                if path in self.dirs and path_context:
+                    if path in self.excluded_dirs:
+                        yield m.start(2), path + '/'
+                    break
+            else:
+                if parts[-1] in self.names and '.' in parts[-1]:
+                    yield m.start(2), parts[-1]
+
+
+def known(path, mention):
+    return any(path == file and mention == known_mention for file, known_mention, _ in KNOWN_REFERENCES)
+
+
+def check_workflows(root):
+    """Return the errors in the filters of the workflows and in the targets they run."""
+    errors = []
+    for workflow in WORKFLOWS:
+        expected = [p.replace('{workflow}', workflow) for p in PATHS]
+        actual = read_filter(root, workflow)
+        if actual != expected:
+            errors.append('{}: the pull_request paths filter differs from tools/check_path_filters/check_path_filters.py\n'
+                          '  expected: {}\n  actual:   {}'.format(workflow, expected, actual))
+        with open(os.path.join(root, workflow), encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            text = f.read()
+        errors += ['{}: runs {}, which reads excluded files; run it in repository_checks.yml'.format(workflow, target)
+                   for target in UNFILTERED_TARGETS if re.search(r'\b' + target + r'\b', text)]
+    return errors
+
+
+def scanned_text(root, path):
+    """Return the text of a kept file without comment lines and without the filter itself, or None to skip it."""
+    # third-party code and Markdown files read nothing; this script lists the excluded files
+    if path.startswith('tests/thirdparty/') or path.endswith('.md') or path == SELF:
+        return None
+    try:
+        with open(os.path.join(root, path), encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            # a mention in a comment line reads nothing; keep the line numbers
+            text = COMMENT_LINE.sub('', f.read())
+    except (UnicodeDecodeError, OSError):
+        return None
+    if path in WORKFLOWS:
+        # the filter itself lists the excluded files
+        for p in PATHS:
+            text = text.replace("      - '{}'".format(p.replace('{workflow}', path)), '')
+    return text
+
+
+def check_mentions(root, files, excluded, finder):
+    """Return an error for every mention of an excluded file in a kept file that KNOWN_REFERENCES does not list."""
+    errors = []
+    for path in sorted(set(files) - excluded):
+        text = scanned_text(root, path)
+        reported = set()
+        for offset, mention in finder.find(text or ''):
+            if mention not in reported and not known(path, mention):
+                reported.add(mention)
+                line = text.count('\n', 0, offset) + 1
+                errors.append('{}:{}: mentions excluded {}; include it in PATHS if a compiler job reads it, '
+                              'or add it to KNOWN_REFERENCES'.format(path, line, mention))
+    return errors
+
+
+def check(root):
+    files = git_files(root)
+    union = [compile_filter(PATHS, w) for w in WORKFLOWS]
+
+    def is_excluded(path):
+        return not any(included(c, path) for c in union)
+
+    excluded = {f for f in files if is_excluded(f)}
+    errors = check_workflows(root) + check_mentions(root, files, excluded, Mentions(files, excluded, is_excluded))
+    for e in errors:
+        print(e)
+    if not errors:
+        print('path filters OK: {} of {} tracked files skip the compiler workflows'.format(len(excluded), len(files)))
+    return 1 if errors else 0
+
+
+def explain(changed):
+    for workflow in WORKFLOWS:
+        compiled = compile_filter(PATHS, workflow)
+        hits = [f for f in changed if included(compiled, f)]
+        print('{}: {}'.format(workflow, 'runs ({})'.format(', '.join(hits[:3]) + (' ...' if len(hits) > 3 else ''))
+                                       if hits else 'skipped'))
+    return 0
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.splitlines()[0])
+    parser.add_argument('--root', default=REPO_ROOT, help='repository root')
+    parser.add_argument('--changed', nargs='+', metavar='FILE', help='show which workflows these changed files run')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    return explain(args.changed) if args.changed else check(args.root)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# ci_jobs
+
+The compiler jobs of [`ubuntu.yml`](../../.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml) are split into three sets, chosen by each job's
+`if:` condition (see [How CI runs](https://json.nlohmann.me/community/quality_assurance/#how-ci-runs)):
+
+- **PR set**: every push to a pull request, and every push to `develop`, `master`, and `release/*`;
+- **full set**: after the PR set passed, on pull requests with the label "🚀 ready to merge" and on every push;
+- **nightly set**: every night on `develop`, on every push to `master` and `release/*`, and when started by hand.
+
+A matrix whose entries belong to different sets is split into one job per set: the full-set job gets the suffix
+`_full`, the nightly-set job `_nightly`, and both share their steps with the PR-set job through YAML anchors.
+
+[`ci_jobs.py`](ci_jobs.py) checks that
+
+- every job of `ubuntu.yml` has the `if:` condition of exactly one set (the conditions are in `SETS`),
+- every full-set job waits for (`needs:`) exactly the PR set, and `nightly_report` for exactly the nightly set, and
+- the job table in [`quality_assurance.md`](../../docs/mkdocs/docs/community/quality_assurance.md) is up to date.
+
+```shell
+python3 -m venv venv && venv/bin/pip install -r tools/ci_jobs/requirements.txt
+venv/bin/python tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py                       # check
+venv/bin/python tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py --markdown            # print the job table for the documentation
+venv/bin/python tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py --compare origin/develop  # list configurations added or removed since develop
+```
+
+Use `--compare` when changing the workflows: a configuration that disappears fails it, so no compiler, version, or
+standard is dropped by accident when jobs are split, merged, or moved between sets.
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""List and check the jobs of the compiler workflows and the set each job belongs to.
+
+The jobs of a tiered workflow (ubuntu.yml) belong to one of three sets, chosen
+by the job's `if:` condition:
+
+- PR set: every pull request push and every push,
+- full set: after the PR set passed, on pushes and on pull requests with the
+  "🚀 ready to merge" label,
+- nightly set: nightly on develop, on pushes to master and release/*, and when
+  started by hand.
+
+The jobs of the other workflows run on every push and pull request.
+
+The script checks that every job of a tiered workflow belongs to exactly one
+set, that the full set waits for the whole PR set, that the nightly report
+waits for the whole nightly set, and that the job table in
+docs/mkdocs/docs/community/quality_assurance.md is up to date.
+
+  --markdown       print the job table for the documentation
+  --compare REF    list the configurations (job and matrix values) added or
+                   removed since the git revision REF; fails if one was removed
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+import itertools
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess  # nosec B404
+import sys
+
+import yaml
+
+REPO_ROOT = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(sys.path[0], '..', '..'))
+DOCS = 'docs/mkdocs/docs/community/quality_assurance.md'
+BEGIN, END = '<!-- ci_jobs: begin -->', '<!-- ci_jobs: end -->'
+
+WORKFLOWS = ['.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml', '.github/workflows/macos.yml', '.github/workflows/windows.yml']
+TIERED = ['.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml']
+# --compare also counts the jobs of these workflows, so a job moved between workflows is not a removed one
+COMPARED = WORKFLOWS + ['.github/workflows/repository_checks.yml', '.github/workflows/check_amalgamation.yml']
+
+LABEL = '🚀 ready to merge'
+SETS = collections.OrderedDict([
+    ('PR set', "${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' && (github.event.action != 'labeled' || "
+               "github.event.label.name == '" + LABEL + "') }}"),
+    ('full set', "${{ github.event_name == 'push' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || "
+                 "contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, '" + LABEL + "') }}"),
+    ('nightly set', "${{ github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' || "
+                    "(github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref != 'refs/heads/develop') }}"),
+])
+UNTIERED = 'every push and PR'
+REPORT_JOB = 'nightly_report'
+
+# a job split by set keeps its name and gets one of these suffixes
+SUFFIXES = {'full set': '_full', 'nightly set': '_nightly'}
+
+
+def read(root, path, ref=None):
+    if ref is None:
+        with open(os.path.join(root, path), encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            return f.read()
+    # fixed command; ref is a git revision given on the command line
+    return subprocess.check_output(['git', 'show', '{}:{}'.format(ref, path)], cwd=root,  # nosec B603, B607
+                                   stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL).decode('utf-8')
+
+
+def add_include(combos, keys, inc):
+    """Apply one include entry: extend the matching configurations, or add it as a new one."""
+    matching = [c for c in combos if all(c[k] == v for k, v in inc.items() if k in keys)]
+    for c in matching:
+        c.update({k: v for k, v in inc.items() if k not in keys})
+    if not matching:
+        combos.append(dict(inc))
+
+
+def expand(matrix):
+    """Return the configurations of a job's strategy.matrix like GitHub Actions does."""
+    if not matrix:
+        return [{}]
+    keys = [k for k in matrix if k not in ('include', 'exclude')]
+    combos = [dict(zip(keys, values)) for values in itertools.product(*(matrix[k] for k in keys))] if keys else []
+    for ex in matrix.get('exclude') or []:
+        combos = [c for c in combos if any(c.get(k) != v for k, v in ex.items())]
+    for inc in matrix.get('include') or []:
+        add_include(combos, keys, inc)
+    return combos
+
+
+def jobs_of(root, workflow, ref=None):
+    """Yield (job id, set, list of configurations) for every job of a workflow."""
+    data = yaml.safe_load(read(root, workflow, ref))
+    for job_id, job in data['jobs'].items():
+        condition = job.get('if')
+        job_set = UNTIERED if condition is None else next((s for s, c in SETS.items() if c == condition), None)
+        matrix = (job.get('strategy') or {}).get('matrix')
+        yield job_id, job_set, job, expand(matrix)
+
+
+def base_id(job_id, job_set):
+    suffix = SUFFIXES.get(job_set)
+    return job_id[:-len(suffix)] if suffix and job_id.endswith(suffix) else job_id
+
+
+def label(config):
+    return ', '.join(str(v) for k, v in config.items() if k != 'os' or len(config) == 1)
+
+
+def configurations(root, ref=None):
+    """Return a Counter of (job name without set suffix, configuration) over the compared workflows."""
+    result = collections.Counter()
+    for workflow in COMPARED:
+        try:
+            jobs = list(jobs_of(root, workflow, ref))
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+            continue  # the workflow does not exist in this revision
+        for job_id, job_set, _, configs in jobs:
+            if job_id == REPORT_JOB:
+                continue
+            for c in configs:
+                result[(base_id(job_id, job_set), tuple(sorted((k, str(v)) for k, v in c.items())))] += 1
+    return result
+
+
+def markdown(root):
+    rows = []
+    order = list(SETS) + [UNTIERED]
+    for workflow in WORKFLOWS:
+        for job_id, job_set, _, configs in jobs_of(root, workflow):
+            if job_id == REPORT_JOB:
+                continue
+            labels = [label(c) for c in configs if c]
+            rows.append((order.index(job_set) if job_set in order else len(order), os.path.basename(workflow), job_id,
+                         job_set or 'no set', '; '.join(labels) or '-'))
+    rows.sort(key=lambda r: (r[0], r[1]))
+    lines = ['| Set | Workflow | Job | Configurations |', '|-----|----------|-----|----------------|']
+    lines += ['| {} | {} | `{}` | {} |'.format(s, w, j, c) for _, w, j, s, c in rows]
+    return lines
+
+
+def check_sets(workflow, jobs):
+    """Return the errors in the sets of a tiered workflow's jobs and the jobs of each set."""
+    errors = []
+    by_set = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    for job_id, job_set, _, _ in jobs:
+        if job_id == REPORT_JOB:
+            continue
+        if job_set in SETS:
+            by_set[job_set].add(job_id)
+        else:
+            errors.append('{}: job {} has an if: condition of no set; use one of the conditions in '
+                          'tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py'.format(workflow, job_id))
+    return errors, by_set
+
+
+def check_needs(workflow, jobs, by_set):
+    """Return the errors in the needs: of a tiered workflow's jobs."""
+    required = {'full set': by_set['PR set'], 'PR set': set(), 'nightly set': set()}
+    errors = []
+    for job_id, job_set, job, _ in jobs:
+        needs = job.get('needs') or []
+        needs = {needs} if isinstance(needs, str) else set(needs)
+        expected = by_set['nightly set'] if job_id == REPORT_JOB else required.get(job_set, needs)
+        if needs != expected:
+            errors.append('{}: job {} must need exactly: {}'.format(workflow, job_id, ', '.join(sorted(expected)) or 'no job'))
+    return errors
+
+
+def check_docs(root):
+    """Return an error if the job table in the documentation is not up to date."""
+    text = read(root, DOCS)
+    block = re.search(re.escape(BEGIN) + r'\n(.*?)\n[ \t]*' + re.escape(END), text, re.S)
+    if not block:
+        return ['{}: markers {} and {} not found'.format(DOCS, BEGIN, END)]
+    indent = re.match(r'[ \t]*', block.group(1)).group(0)
+    if block.group(1) != '\n'.join(indent + line for line in markdown(root)):
+        return ['{}: the job table is out of date; replace it with the output of '
+                'python3 tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py --markdown'.format(DOCS)]
+    return []
+
+
+def check(root):
+    errors = []
+    for workflow in TIERED:
+        jobs = list(jobs_of(root, workflow))
+        set_errors, by_set = check_sets(workflow, jobs)
+        errors += set_errors + check_needs(workflow, jobs, by_set)
+    errors += check_docs(root)
+
+    for e in errors:
+        print(e)
+    if not errors:
+        counts = collections.Counter()
+        for workflow in WORKFLOWS:
+            for job_id, job_set, _, configs in jobs_of(root, workflow):
+                if job_id != REPORT_JOB:
+                    counts[job_set] += len(configs)
+        print('CI jobs OK: ' + ', '.join('{} {}'.format(n, s) for s, n in counts.items()))
+    return 1 if errors else 0
+
+
+def compare(root, ref):
+    before, after = configurations(root, ref), configurations(root)
+    removed, added = before - after, after - before
+    for title, diff in (('removed', removed), ('added', added)):
+        for job, config in sorted(diff.elements()):
+            print('{}: {} ({})'.format(title, job, ', '.join('{}={}'.format(k, v) for k, v in config)))
+    print('{} configurations before, {} after; {} removed, {} added'.format(
+        sum(before.values()), sum(after.values()), sum(removed.values()), sum(added.values())))
+    return 1 if removed else 0
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.splitlines()[0])
+    parser.add_argument('--root', default=REPO_ROOT, help='repository root')
+    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    group.add_argument('--markdown', action='store_true', help='print the job table for the documentation')
+    group.add_argument('--compare', metavar='REF', help='list the configurations added or removed since REF')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.markdown:
+        print('\n'.join(markdown(args.root)))
+        return 0
+    if args.compare:
+        return compare(args.root, args.compare)
+    return check(args.root)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PyYAML==6.0.3
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Niels Lohmann	9e1d35eda9	Merge branch 'ci/path-filters' into ci/tiers Keep the tiered job layout and apply the harden-runner 2.22.2 bump from #5962. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-30 15:36:22 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	4b538d80f6	Merge branch 'develop' into ci/path-filters Keep ci_test_documentation in repository_checks.yml and apply the harden-runner 2.22.2 bump from #5962 there. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-30 15:35:39 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	66ee5d1b84	Merge ci/path-filters into ci/tiers Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-28 22:09:54 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	7a4e6b7a5d	Merge develop into ci/path-filters Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-28 22:09:53 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	ae57b09bc6	Merge wip/5948 into ci/tiers Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-28 20:32:11 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	fd37b04813	Merge origin/develop into ci/path-filters Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-28 20:32:10 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	d587214ab2	Merge ci/path-filters Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-28 07:11:44 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	bd442d5d07	Merge develop Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-28 07:11:43 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	087df7b0c2	Split the Ubuntu jobs into a PR set, a full set, and a nightly set All ~100 Ubuntu jobs ran on every push to every pull request. They now belong to three sets, chosen by each job's if: condition: - PR set (16 configurations): every push to a pull request and every push. Together with the checks that always run, these jobs would have caught at least 92 % of the failing commits of Sep/Oct 2026. - full set (73 configurations): after the PR set passed, on pushes and on pull requests with the "🚀 ready to merge" label. - nightly set (10 configurations): Infer, Valgrind, coverage, icpc, icpx, nvhpc, CUDA, and ARM64; nightly on develop, on pushes to master and release/*, and by hand. A failed nightly run opens or updates an issue. A matrix whose entries belong to different sets is split into one job per set; the jobs share their steps through YAML anchors. No configuration is removed: tools/ci_jobs/ci_jobs.py --compare lists 150 configurations before and after. The same tool checks in CI that every job belongs to exactly one set, that the full set waits for the whole PR set, and that the job table in quality_assurance.md is up to date. The documentation describes the sets in a new section "How CI runs", and the QA pipeline figure shows the new badges. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-27 19:40:21 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	eae3c8217b	Split the checks of check_path_filters.py into smaller functions Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-27 19:39:20 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	960c234cc6	Do not report the excluded files that check_path_filters.py lists itself Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-27 18:58:36 +01:00
Niels Lohmann	b6e24d19a9	Skip the compiler workflows for pull requests that change no build input ubuntu.yml, macos.yml and windows.yml run about 155 jobs on every pull request, including those that change only the documentation. They now have a pull_request path filter: it starts with '*' and excludes the documentation, Markdown files, GitHub metadata, other workflows and the license files, so a new file runs them unless it is excluded on purpose. Pushes to develop, master and release/ are not filtered. The documentation jobs and the REUSE check move from ubuntu.yml to the new repository_checks.yml, which has no path filter and also runs tools/check_path_filters. That check keeps the three filters identical and fails when a file the compiler jobs keep mentions an excluded file. It found two: tools/check_build_options reads the Meson section of package_managers.md, and the swiftpm job builds the Swift example from the documentation; both are included in the filter. Signed-off-by: Niels Lohmann <mail@nlohmann.me>	2026-10-27 18:35:03 +01:00