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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="JSON for Modern C++ is a header-only C++11 library that makes JSON a first-class data type."><meta name=author content="Niels Lohmann"><link href="https://json.nlohmann.me/features/performance/" rel="canonical"><link href=../object_order/ rel=prev><link href=../parsing/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=../../assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.7.7"><title>Performance - JSON for Modern C++</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.ec1eaa64.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.ab4e12ef.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/custom.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/brand.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/fig-sax.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../css/fig-jsonview.css><link rel=stylesheet 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v3.7.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.6.1/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.6.1 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.6.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.6.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.5.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.5.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.4.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.4.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.3.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.3.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.2.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.2.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.1.2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.1.2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.1.1/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.1.1 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.1.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.1.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.0.1/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.0.1 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v3.0.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v3.0.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.1.1/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.1.1 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.1.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.1.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.10/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.10 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.9/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.9 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.8/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.8 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.7/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.7 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.6/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.6 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.5/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.5 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.4/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.4 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.3/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.3 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.1/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.1 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v2.0.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v2.0.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v1.1.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v1.1.0 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/releases/v1.0.0/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> v1.0.0 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/design_goals/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Design goals </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/architecture/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Architecture </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/customers/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Customers </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/sponsors/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Sponsors </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../home/debugging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2 checked> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Features </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_2 id=__nav_2_label tabindex> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Features </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../arbitrary_types/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arbitrary Type Conversions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../type_recipes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Recipes for Common Types </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_4> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../binary_formats/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binary Formats </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_2_4 id=__nav_2_4_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Binary Formats </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_formats/bjdata/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> BJData </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_formats/bon8/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> BON8 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_formats/bson/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> BSON </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_formats/cbor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CBOR </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_formats/messagepack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> MessagePack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_formats/ubjson/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> UBJSON </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../binary_values/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binary Values </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../comments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Comments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../conversions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Converting values </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../creating_values/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Creating JSON values </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_9> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../element_access/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Element Access </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_2_9 id=__nav_2_9_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Element Access </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../element_access/unchecked_access/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Unchecked access: operator[] </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../element_access/checked_access/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Checked access: at </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../element_access/default_value/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Access with default value: value </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../iterators/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Iterators </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../merge_patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON Merge Patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../json_patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON Patch and Diff </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../json_pointer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON Pointer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../modifying_values/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Modifying values </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../modules/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Modules </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../namespace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nlohmann Namespace </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../no_exceptions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Working Without Exceptions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../object_order/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Object Order </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Performance </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Performance </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#parsing-input class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parsing input </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#large-documents class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Large documents </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#binary-formats class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binary formats </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#object-type-json-vs-ordered_json class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Object type: json vs. ordered_json </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#avoiding-copies class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Avoiding copies </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#memory class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#serialization class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Serialization </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#diagnostics-overhead class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Diagnostics overhead </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#compile-time class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Compile time </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#see-also class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> See also </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_20> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../parsing/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parsing </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_2_20 id=__nav_2_20_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_20_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_20> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Parsing </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../parsing/json_lines/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON Lines </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../parsing/large_and_partial_input/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Large, Streamed, and Partial Input </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../parsing/parse_exceptions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parsing and Exceptions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../parsing/parser_callbacks/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parser Callbacks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../parsing/sax_interface/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SAX Interface </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../parsing/untrusted_input/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parsing Untrusted Input </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../assertions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Runtime Assertions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../serialization/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Serialization </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../enum_conversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Specializing enum conversion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../macros/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Supported Macros </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../trailing_commas/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Trailing Commas </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_26> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../types/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Types </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_2_26 id=__nav_2_26_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_26_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_26> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Types </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../types/number_handling/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Number Handling </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../types/template_parameters/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Template Parameter Requirements </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../json_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Zero-copy JSON views </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../integration/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Integration </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Integration </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../integration/migration_guide/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Migration Guide </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../integration/cmake/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> CMake </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../integration/package_managers/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Package Managers </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../integration/pkg-config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pkg-config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../integration/compile_times/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Compile times </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> API Documentation </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> API Documentation </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_1> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/basic_json/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> basic_json </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_1 id=__nav_4_1_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_1_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_1> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> basic_json </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/basic_json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> (Constructor) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/~basic_json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> (Destructor) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/accept/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> accept </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/array/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> array </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/array_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> array_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/as_base_class/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> as_base_class </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/at/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> at </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/begin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> begin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/binary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/binary_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binary_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/bjdata_version_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> bjdata_version_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/boolean_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> boolean_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/cbegin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cbegin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/cbor_tag_handler_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cbor_tag_handler_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/cend/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cend </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/clear/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> clear </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/contains/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> contains </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/count/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> count </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/crbegin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> crbegin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/crend/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> crend </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/default_object_comparator_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> default_object_comparator_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/diff/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> diff </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/emplace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> emplace </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/emplace_back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> emplace_back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/empty/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> empty </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/end/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> end </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/end_pos/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> end_pos </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/erase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> erase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/error_handler_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> error_handler_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/exception/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> exception </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/find/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> find </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/flatten/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> flatten </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/format_as/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> format_as </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/from_bjdata/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_bjdata </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/from_bon8/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_bon8 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/from_bson/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_bson </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/from_cbor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_cbor </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/from_msgpack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_msgpack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/from_ubjson/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_ubjson </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/front/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> front </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_allocator/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_allocator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_binary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_binary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_ptr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_ptr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_ref/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_ref </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_to/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_to </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/std_formatter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> std::formatter&lt;basic_json&gt; </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/std_hash/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> std::hash&lt;basic_json&gt; </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/input_format_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> input_format_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/insert/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> insert </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/invalid_iterator/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> invalid_iterator </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_array/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_array </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_binary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_binary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_boolean/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_boolean </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_discarded/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_discarded </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_null/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_null </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_number/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_number_float/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number_float </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_number_integer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number_integer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_number_unsigned/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number_unsigned </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_object/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_object </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_primitive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_primitive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_string/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_string </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/is_structured/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_structured </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/items/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> items </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/json_base_class_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_base_class_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/json_serializer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_serializer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/max_size/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> max_size </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/meta/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> meta </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/merge_diff/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> merge_diff </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/merge_patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> merge_patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/number_float_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_float_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/number_integer_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_integer_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/number_unsigned_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_unsigned_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/object/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> object </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/object_comparator_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> object_comparator_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/object_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> object_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_ValueType/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator ValueType </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_value_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator value_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator[] </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator%3D/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator%2B%3D/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator+= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_eq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator== </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_ne/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator!= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_lt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator< </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_gt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator> </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_le/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator<= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_ge/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator>= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator_spaceship/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator<=> </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/out_of_range/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> out_of_range </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/other_error/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> other_error </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/parse/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/parse_error/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse_error </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/parse_event_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse_event_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/parser_callback_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parser_callback_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/patch_inplace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> patch_inplace </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/push_back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> push_back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/rbegin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rbegin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/rend/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rend </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/sax_parse/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> sax_parse </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/size/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> size </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/start_pos/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> start_pos </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/string_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> string_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/swap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> swap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/std_swap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> std::swap&lt;basic_json&gt; </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_bjdata/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_bjdata </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_bon8/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_bon8 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_bson/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_bson </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_cbor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_cbor </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_msgpack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_msgpack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_string/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_string </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/to_ubjson/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_ubjson </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/type/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> type </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/type_error/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> type_error </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/type_name/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> type_name </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/unflatten/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> unflatten </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/update/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> update </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/value/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> value </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/value_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> value_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json/with_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> with_t </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_2> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> basic_json_document </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_2 id=__nav_4_2_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> basic_json_document </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/basic_json_document/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> (Constructor) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/accept/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> accept </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/erase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> erase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/insert/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> insert </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/is_discarded/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_discarded </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/load/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> load </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/memory_usage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memory_usage </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/node_count/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> node_count </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/owns_source/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> owns_source </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/parse/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/parse_copy/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse_copy </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/push_back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> push_back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/read/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> read </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/root/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> root </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/save/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> save </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/set/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> set </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/shrink_to_fit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> shrink_to_fit </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_document/source/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> source </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_3> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> basic_json_view </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_3 id=__nav_4_3_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> basic_json_view </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/basic_json_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> (Constructor) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/at/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> at </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/begin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> begin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/cbegin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cbegin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/cend/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cend </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/contains/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> contains </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/count/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> count </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/empty/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> empty </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/end/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> end </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/find/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> find </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/front/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> front </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/get/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/get_string/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_string </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/get_to/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> get_to </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_array/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_array </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_binary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_binary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_boolean/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_boolean </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_discarded/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_discarded </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_null/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_null </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_number/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_number_float/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number_float </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_number_integer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number_integer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_number_unsigned/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_number_unsigned </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_object/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_object </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_primitive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_primitive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_string/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_string </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/is_structured/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_structured </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/items/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> items </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/materialize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> materialize </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/number_format/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_format </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/number_token/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_token </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/operator_ltlt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator<< </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/operator%5B%5D/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator[] </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/operator_eq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator== </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/operator_ne/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator!= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/size/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> size </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/source_offset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> source_offset </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/type/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> type </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/type_name/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> type_name </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/value/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> value </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_4> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> byte_container_with_subtype </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_4 id=__nav_4_4_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> byte_container_with_subtype </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/byte_container_with_subtype/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> (constructor) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/clear_subtype/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> clear_subtype </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/has_subtype/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> has_subtype </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/operator_eq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator== </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/operator_ne/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator!= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/set_subtype/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> set_subtype </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/byte_container_with_subtype/subtype/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> subtype </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_5> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/adl_serializer/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> adl_serializer </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_5 id=__nav_4_5_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> adl_serializer </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/adl_serializer/from_json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> from_json </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/adl_serializer/to_json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_json </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/is_json_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> is_json_view </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_document/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_document </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_editable_document/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_editable_document </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_editable_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_editable_view </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_11> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_pointer </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_11 id=__nav_4_11_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> json_pointer </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/json_pointer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> (Constructor) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/empty/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> empty </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/front/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> front </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/operator_string_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator string_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/operator_eq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator== </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/operator_ne/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator!= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/operator_spaceship/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator<=> </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/operator_slash/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator/ </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/operator_slasheq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator/= </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/parent_pointer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parent_pointer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/pop_back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pop_back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/pop_front/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pop_front </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/push_back/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> push_back </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/push_front/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> push_front </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/string_t/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> string_t </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_pointer/to_string/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> to_string </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_12> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/json_sax/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_sax </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_12 id=__nav_4_12_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> json_sax </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/binary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/boolean/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> boolean </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/end_array/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> end_array </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/end_object/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> end_object </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/key/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> key </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/null/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> null </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/number_float/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_float </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/number_integer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_integer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/number_unsigned/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> number_unsigned </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/parse_error/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse_error </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/start_array/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> start_array </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/start_object/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> start_object </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_sax/string/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> string </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/json_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> json_view </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/operator_ltlt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator<<(basic_json), operator<<(json_pointer) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/operator_gtgt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator>>(basic_json) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/operator_literal_json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator""_json </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/operator_literal_json_pointer/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> operator""_json_pointer </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/ordered_json/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ordered_json </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/ordered_json_document/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ordered_json_document </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/ordered_json_editable_document/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ordered_json_editable_document </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/ordered_json_editable_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ordered_json_editable_view </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/ordered_json_view/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ordered_json_view </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/ordered_map/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ordered_map </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/view_mode/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> view_mode </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_25> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../api/macros/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> macros </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4_25 id=__nav_4_25_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_25_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_25> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> macros </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_assert/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_ASSERT </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_brace_init_copy_semantics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_BRACE_INIT_COPY_SEMANTICS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_throw_user/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_CATCH_USER, JSON_THROW_USER, JSON_TRY_USER </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DIAGNOSTICS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_delete_deprecated_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DELETE_DEPRECATED_FUNCTIONS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_enum_serialization/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DISABLE_ENUM_SERIALIZATION </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_tuple_reference_conversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DISABLE_TUPLE_REFERENCE_CONVERSION </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_cpp_11/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_CPP_11, JSON_HAS_CPP_14, JSON_HAS_CPP_17, JSON_HAS_CPP_20, JSON_HAS_CPP_23, JSON_HAS_CPP_26 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_filesystem/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_FILESYSTEM, JSON_HAS_FILESYSTEM </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_range_view_conversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_RANGE_VIEW_CONVERSION </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_ranges/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_RANGES </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_static_rtti/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_STATIC_RTTI </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_std_format/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_STD_FORMAT </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_has_three_way_comparison/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_HAS_THREE_WAY_COMPARISON </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_no_automatic_udls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_NO_AUTOMATIC_UDLS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_noexception/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_NOEXCEPTION </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_no_io/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_NO_IO </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_no_simd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_NO_SIMD </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_no_thread_local/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_NO_THREAD_LOCAL </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_precise_stream_position/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_PRECISE_STREAM_POSITION </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_skip_library_version_check/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_SKIP_LIBRARY_VERSION_CHECK </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_skip_unsupported_compiler_check/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_SKIP_UNSUPPORTED_COMPILER_CHECK </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_strict_binary_utf8/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_STRICT_BINARY_UTF8 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_strict_nul_handling/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_STRICT_NUL_HANDLING </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_use_global_udls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_USE_GLOBAL_UDLS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_use_implicit_conversions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_use_legacy_discarded_value_comparison/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_USE_LEGACY_DISCARDED_VALUE_COMPARISON </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_use_objects_for_enum_keyed_maps/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_USE_OBJECTS_FOR_ENUM_KEYED_MAPS </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/json_use_simdutf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> JSON_USE_SIMDUTF </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_derived_type/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_intrusive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_non_intrusive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_define_type_with_names/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_WITH_DEFAULT_WITH_NAMES, NLOHMANN_DEFINE_DERIVED_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE_ONLY_SERIALIZE_WITH_NAMES </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_namespace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_namespace_begin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN, NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_END </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_namespace_no_version/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_JSON_NAMESPACE_NO_VERSION </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_serialize_enum_strict/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM_STRICT </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../api/macros/nlohmann_json_version_major/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MAJOR, NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_MINOR, NLOHMANN_JSON_VERSION_PATCH </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../community/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Community </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Community </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/ecosystem/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ecosystem </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/code_of_conduct/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Code of Conduct </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/contribution_guidelines/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contribution Guidelines </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/quality_assurance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Quality assurance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/governance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Governance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/roadmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Roadmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/security_policy/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Security Policy </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../community/assurance_case/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Assurance case </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#parsing-input class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parsing input </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#large-documents class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Large documents </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#binary-formats class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binary formats </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#object-type-json-vs-ordered_json class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Object type: json vs. ordered_json </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#avoiding-copies class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Avoiding copies </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#memory class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#serialization class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Serialization </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#diagnostics-overhead class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Diagnostics overhead </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#compile-time class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Compile time </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#see-also class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> See also </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/edit/develop/docs/mkdocs/docs/features/performance.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon" rel="edit"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/raw/develop/docs/mkdocs/docs/features/performance.md" title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=performance>Performance<a class=headerlink href=#performance title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1> <p>Speed was never the primary goal of this library. The <a href=../../home/design_goals/ >design goals</a> page says so plainly: "There are certainly faster <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> libraries out there." Intuitive syntax, trivial integration, and thorough testing came first. If a hard real-time budget or the last percent of throughput matters more than convenience, a <a href="https://github.com/miloyip/nativejson-benchmark#parsing-time">faster, more specialized library</a> may be a better fit.</p> <p>That said, how you use this library still makes a measurable difference. This page collects practical, code-verified techniques for reducing time, memory, and compile-time cost — without repeating the detailed pages it links to.</p> <h2 id=parsing-input>Parsing input<a class=headerlink href=#parsing-input title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><a href=../../api/basic_json/parse/ ><code>parse</code></a> accepts a string, a pair of iterators, a container, a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code>, or a <code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span><span class=o>*</span></code> (see <a href=../parsing/#input>Parsing</a>). Internally, every input is wrapped in an <a href=../../home/architecture/#input-adapters>input adapter</a>, and not all adapters are equally fast.</p> <p>For inputs backed by contiguous, single-byte memory — a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span></code>, a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code>, a string literal, or a pointer range — the library uses <code>iterator_input_adapter</code>, wrapped in a raw pointer so the fast paths below apply on every supported standard. This adapter exposes two optimizations the lexer detects at compile time:</p> <ul> <li>it can reconstruct already-consumed input on demand for error messages, instead of copying every character as it is read, and</li> <li>the lexer can scan ordinary string characters, numbers, and indentation directly out of the buffer, several bytes at a time, rather than one character (and one function call) at a time.</li> </ul> <p>A <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code> (including <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>ifstream</span></code>) gets the same bulk scanning: <code>input_stream_adapter</code> scans the characters its stream buffer already holds (the <em>get area</em>) and asks the stream buffer for more only when they are used up. Nothing is read ahead, so the stream is left exactly where it would be after reading one character at a time, and <a href=../../api/operator_gtgt/ ><code>operator&gt;&gt;</code></a> can still read several values from one stream. A stream buffer without a get area is read one character at a time. A <code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span><span class=o>*</span></code> is still read one character at a time, but <code>file_input_adapter</code> locks the file once per parse instead of once per character. See <a href=../parsing/#input-sources-and-performance>input sources and performance</a> for the full table. According to the description of <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/5828">#5828</a>, parsing from a stream is within about 10 to 20 % of parsing an equivalent <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span></code>.</p> <p>Inputs that are still read one character at a time: iterator ranges that are not contiguous (e.g. <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>list</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code> or <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istreambuf_iterator</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code>), wide strings, and user-defined adapters. An iterator pair over non-contiguous but random-access storage (e.g. <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>deque</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>&gt;::</span><span class=n>iterator</span></code>) gets the first optimization but not the second, since the byte-scanning fast path requires contiguous storage.</p> <p>Practically: a file can be passed directly to <code>parse</code>, which also avoids the memory for a copy of the file. Reading it into a string first is no longer necessary for speed:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=c1>// fast: the stream buffer's get area is scanned in bulk</span>
<span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>ifstream</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>f</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>"example.json"</span><span class=p>);</span>
<span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>parse</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>f</span><span class=p>);</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>Two macros switch the stream optimizations off without changing any result: <a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> for stream buffers that do not follow the usual <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>streambuf</span></code> contract, and <a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_unlocked_file_io/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_UNLOCKED_FILE_IO</code></a> for programs in which another thread must use the same <code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span></code> object while it is parsed.</p> <p>For contiguous input with many non-<abbr title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</abbr> characters, <a href=../../api/macros/json_use_simdutf/ ><code>JSON_USE_SIMDUTF</code></a> can additionally speed up <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 validation by using the <a href="https://github.com/simdutf/simdutf">simdutf</a> library instead of the built-in scalar validator; streaming inputs (files, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code>, wide strings, user-defined adapters) always use the scalar path regardless of this macro.</p> <h2 id=large-documents>Large documents<a class=headerlink href=#large-documents title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Parsing always produces <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> events internally; <a href=../../api/basic_json/parse/ ><code>parse</code></a> simply feeds them to a consumer that builds a complete <code>basic_json</code> value tree (a <abbr title="Document Object Model">DOM</abbr>) in memory. For documents too large to comfortably hold as a <abbr title="Document Object Model">DOM</abbr>, three alternatives avoid building it:</p> <ul> <li>Implement the <a href=../parsing/sax_interface/ ><abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</a> directly and pass it to <a href=../../api/basic_json/sax_parse/ ><code>sax_parse</code></a>; only the parts of the input you choose to keep ever become <code>basic_json</code> values.</li> <li>Pass a <a href=../parsing/parser_callbacks/ >parser callback</a> to <code>parse</code>. This still builds a <abbr title="Document Object Model">DOM</abbr>, but the callback can discard finished elements as soon as they are handled, so memory usage stays bounded by one element (plus the unparsed remainder of the input) instead of the whole document — see the <a href=../parsing/parser_callbacks/#recipe-streaming-a-large-homogeneous-array>recipe for streaming a large homogeneous array</a>.</li> <li>Parse into a <a href=../json_view/ ><code>json_document</code></a> (<code class=highlight><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>/</span><span class=n>json_view</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>hpp</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code>) instead of a <code>basic_json</code>. It keeps the input text and builds a flat index of 16 bytes per value; strings and floating-point numbers are not copied, but read from the text when needed. Read-only <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/ >views</a> give the familiar element access, and only the parts you <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/materialize/ ><code>materialize()</code></a> become <code>basic_json</code> values. A document that borrows the text instead of owning a copy needs the text to outlive it; see <a href=../json_view/#choosing-between-json-ordered_json-the-sax-interface-and-json_view>choosing between <code>json</code>, the <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface, and <code>json_view</code></a>.</li> </ul> <p>If the data is naturally record-oriented, consider <a href=../parsing/json_lines/ ><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Lines</a> instead of one large <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> document: reading and parsing it line by line with <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>getline</span></code> means only one line's value is ever in memory at a time, and a malformed line does not invalidate lines already processed.</p> <h2 id=binary-formats>Binary formats<a class=headerlink href=#binary-formats title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text is not a compact format. If the data is only exchanged between programs (not read by humans), the <a href=../binary_formats/ >binary formats</a> — <abbr title="Binary JData">BJData</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr>, <abbr title="Binary JSON">BSON</abbr>, <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr>, MessagePack, and <abbr title="Universal Binary JSON">UBJSON</abbr> — encode the same values more compactly, which reduces both the bytes transferred and, for most of them, the work needed to parse them back. The <a href=../binary_formats/#sizes>size comparison</a> on that page, measured against minified <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> for four reference documents, shows the effect varies a lot by document shape: <abbr title="Concise Binary Object Representation">CBOR</abbr> and MessagePack come out at 50.5% of the minified <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> size for the numeric-array-heavy <code>canada.json</code>, but only around 87-88% for the string-heavy <code>jeopardy.json</code>, where there is less numeric data to encode more compactly. <abbr title="Binary Object Notation 8">BON8</abbr> is the most compact option in that comparison for text-heavy documents (63.5%-87.5%), at the cost of an <a href=../binary_formats/#completeness>incomplete serializer</a> (no unsigned integers above int64). Which format — and whether it is worth the loss of human readability at all — depends on the actual data; see the <a href=../binary_formats/#comparison>comparison tables</a> before choosing one.</p> <div class=nj-charts-grid-wrap> <div class=nj-fig-wrap> <p><svg class="nj-fig nj-charts nj-charts--sizes" viewbox="0 0 340 220" role=img aria-labelledby="nj-charts-bs-canada nj-charts-bs-canada-d" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg> <title id=nj-charts-bs-canada>Size of canada.json in each binary format relative to minified J&#8203;SON</title> <desc id=nj-charts-bs-canada-d>B&#8203;JData 53.2 %; B&#8203;ON8 50.5 %; B&#8203;SON 85.8 %; C&#8203;BOR 50.5 %; MessagePack 50.5 %; U&#8203;BJSON 53.2 %. Smallest: B&#8203;ON8 and C&#8203;BOR and MessagePack.</desc> <text class=nj-charts-panel x=8 y=18>canada.json</text> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=104 y1=40 x2=104 y2=196 /> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=104 y=211>0 %</text> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=186.727 y1=40 x2=186.727 y2=196 /> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=186.727 y=211>50 %</text> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=58.5>B&#8203;JData</text> <path class="nj-charts-c1 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 46 H188.022 Q192.022 46 192.022 50 V58 Q192.022 62 188.022 62 H104 Z"><title>canada.json, B&#8203;JData: 53.2 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt nj-charts-best" x=96 y=84.5>B&#8203;ON8</text> <path class=nj-charts-c2 d="M104 72 H183.555 Q187.555 72 187.555 76 V84 Q187.555 88 183.555 88 H104 Z"><title>canada.json, B&#8203;ON8: 50.5 % of minified J&#8203;SON (smallest)</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=110.5>B&#8203;SON</text> <path class="nj-charts-c3 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 98 H241.96 Q245.96 98 245.96 102 V110 Q245.96 114 241.96 114 H104 Z"><title>canada.json, B&#8203;SON: 85.8 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt nj-charts-best" x=96 y=136.5>C&#8203;BOR</text> <path class=nj-charts-c4 d="M104 124 H183.555 Q187.555 124 187.555 128 V136 Q187.555 140 183.555 140 H104 Z"><title>canada.json, C&#8203;BOR: 50.5 % of minified J&#8203;SON (smallest)</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt nj-charts-best" x=96 y=162.5>MessagePack</text> <path class=nj-charts-c5 d="M104 150 H183.555 Q187.555 150 187.555 154 V162 Q187.555 166 183.555 166 H104 Z"><title>canada.json, MessagePack: 50.5 % of minified J&#8203;SON (smallest)</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=188.5>U&#8203;BJSON</text> <path class="nj-charts-c6 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 176 H188.022 Q192.022 176 192.022 180 V188 Q192.022 192 188.022 192 H104 Z"><title>canada.json, U&#8203;BJSON: 53.2 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <line class=nj-charts-ref x1=269.455 y1=36 x2=269.455 y2=196 /> <text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x=271.455 y=32>minified J&#8203;SON = 100 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=269.455 y=211>100 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=197.022 y=58.5>53.2 %</text> <text class="nj-charts-val nj-charts-best" x=192.555 y=84.5>50.5 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=250.96 y=110.5>85.8 %</text> <text class="nj-charts-val nj-charts-best" x=192.555 y=136.5>50.5 %</text> <text class="nj-charts-val nj-charts-best" x=192.555 y=162.5>50.5 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=197.022 y=188.5>53.2 %</text> </svg></p> </div> <div class=nj-fig-wrap> <p><svg class="nj-fig nj-charts nj-charts--sizes" viewbox="0 0 340 220" role=img aria-labelledby="nj-charts-bs-jeopardy nj-charts-bs-jeopardy-d" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg> <title id=nj-charts-bs-jeopardy>Size of jeopardy.json in each binary format relative to minified J&#8203;SON</title> <desc id=nj-charts-bs-jeopardy-d>B&#8203;JData 96.6 %; B&#8203;ON8 87.5 %; B&#8203;SON 106.7 %; C&#8203;BOR 88 %; MessagePack 87.9 %; U&#8203;BJSON 96.6 %. Smallest: B&#8203;ON8.</desc> <text class=nj-charts-panel x=8 y=18>jeopardy.json</text> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=104 y1=40 x2=104 y2=196 /> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=104 y=211>0 %</text> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=186.727 y1=40 x2=186.727 y2=196 /> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=186.727 y=211>50 %</text> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=58.5>B&#8203;JData</text> <path class="nj-charts-c1 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 46 H259.829 Q263.829 46 263.829 50 V58 Q263.829 62 259.829 62 H104 Z"><title>jeopardy.json, B&#8203;JData: 96.6 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt nj-charts-best" x=96 y=84.5>B&#8203;ON8</text> <path class=nj-charts-c2 d="M104 72 H244.773 Q248.773 72 248.773 76 V84 Q248.773 88 244.773 88 H104 Z"><title>jeopardy.json, B&#8203;ON8: 87.5 % of minified J&#8203;SON (smallest)</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=110.5>B&#8203;SON</text> <path class="nj-charts-c3 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 98 H276.54 Q280.54 98 280.54 102 V110 Q280.54 114 276.54 114 H104 Z"><title>jeopardy.json, B&#8203;SON: 106.7 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=136.5>C&#8203;BOR</text> <path class="nj-charts-c4 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 124 H245.6 Q249.6 124 249.6 128 V136 Q249.6 140 245.6 140 H104 Z"><title>jeopardy.json, C&#8203;BOR: 88 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=162.5>MessagePack</text> <path class="nj-charts-c5 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 150 H245.435 Q249.435 150 249.435 154 V162 Q249.435 166 245.435 166 H104 Z"><title>jeopardy.json, MessagePack: 87.9 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <text class="nj-charts-rowlabel nj-charts-fmt" x=96 y=188.5>U&#8203;BJSON</text> <path class="nj-charts-c6 nj-charts-dim" d="M104 176 H259.829 Q263.829 176 263.829 180 V188 Q263.829 192 259.829 192 H104 Z"><title>jeopardy.json, U&#8203;BJSON: 96.6 % of minified J&#8203;SON</title></path> <line class=nj-charts-ref x1=269.455 y1=36 x2=269.455 y2=196 /> <text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x=271.455 y=32>minified J&#8203;SON = 100 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=269.455 y=211>100 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=268.829 y=58.5>96.6 %</text> <text class="nj-charts-val nj-charts-best" x=253.773 y=84.5>87.5 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=285.54 y=110.5>106.7 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=254.6 y=136.5>88.0 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=254.435 y=162.5>87.9 %</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=268.829 y=188.5>96.6 %</text> </svg></p> </div> </div> <p class=nj-charts-caption>Two of the four panels from the <a href=../binary_formats/#sizes>size comparison</a>; the smallest format per file is drawn in a stronger colour than the others.</p> <h2 id=object-type-json-vs-ordered_json>Object type: <code>json</code> vs. <code>ordered_json</code><a class=headerlink href=#object-type-json-vs-ordered_json title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>The default <a href=../../api/json/ ><code>json</code></a> type stores object keys in a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>map</span></code>, giving logarithmic-time lookup, insertion, and erasure, at the cost of sorting keys alphabetically rather than preserving insertion order (see <a href=../object_order/ >Object Order</a>). <a href=../../api/ordered_json/ ><code>ordered_json</code></a> uses <a href=../../api/ordered_map/ ><code>nlohmann::ordered_map</code></a> instead, a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span></code>-backed container with no lookup index: every key-based operation is a <strong>linear scan</strong>, so building an object of <code>n</code> distinct keys costs <strong>O(n²)</strong> in total — this applies equally to inserting keys one by one and to parsing an object, since the parser inserts each key as it is read. The <a href=../../api/ordered_map/#complexity>measurements on the <code>ordered_map</code> page</a> show this is negligible at typical object sizes (2000 keys: 0.7 ms for <code>json</code> vs. 3.6 ms for <code>ordered_json</code>, a 5x factor) but grows steeply for large, machine-generated objects (16 000 keys: 3.3 ms vs. 181.6 ms, a 54x factor).</p> <div class=nj-fig-wrap> <p><svg class="nj-fig nj-charts nj-charts--scaling" viewbox="0 0 440 238" role=img aria-labelledby="nj-charts-sc nj-charts-sc-d" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg> <title id=nj-charts-sc>Time to parse a flat object of n keys, json against ordered_json, logarithmic axes</title> <desc id=nj-charts-sc-d>2000 keys: json 0.7 ms, ordered_json 3.6 ms (5x). 4000 keys: 0.8 ms and 14.0 ms (19x). 8000 keys: 1.6 ms and 67.8 ms (43x). 16000 keys: 3.3 ms and 181.6 ms (54x).</desc> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=66 y1=176.187 x2=330 y2=176.187 /> <text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x=60 y=180.187>1 ms</text> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=66 y1=111.521 x2=330 y2=111.521 /> <text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x=60 y=115.521>10 ms</text> <line class=nj-charts-grid x1=66 y1=46.8538 x2=330 y2=46.8538 /> <text class="nj-charts-tick nj-charts-tick--r" x=60 y=50.8538>100 ms</text> <line class=nj-charts-axis x1=66 y1=210 x2=330 y2=210 /> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=66 y=226>2&#8201;000</text> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=154 y=226>4&#8201;000</text> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=242 y=226>8&#8201;000</text> <text class=nj-charts-tick x=330 y=226>16&#8201;000</text> <polyline class=nj-charts-json points="66,186.204 154,182.454 242,162.987 330,142.657"/> <circle class=nj-charts-json-dot cx=66 cy=186.204 r=4.5><title>json, 2000 keys: 0.7 ms</title></circle> <circle class=nj-charts-json-dot cx=154 cy=182.454 r=4.5><title>json, 4000 keys: 0.8 ms</title></circle> <circle class=nj-charts-json-dot cx=242 cy=162.987 r=4.5><title>json, 8000 keys: 1.6 ms</title></circle> <circle class=nj-charts-json-dot cx=330 cy=142.657 r=4.5><title>json, 16000 keys: 3.3 ms</title></circle> <text class="nj-charts-val nj-charts-name-json" x=340 y=140.657>json</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=340 y=155.657>3.3 ms</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=72 y=202.204>0.7 ms</text> <polyline class=nj-charts-ojson points="66,140.213 154,102.071 242,57.7677 330,30.0977"/> <circle class=nj-charts-ojson-dot cx=66 cy=140.213 r=4.5><title>ordered_json, 2000 keys: 3.6 ms</title></circle> <circle class=nj-charts-ojson-dot cx=154 cy=102.071 r=4.5><title>ordered_json, 4000 keys: 14 ms</title></circle> <circle class=nj-charts-ojson-dot cx=242 cy=57.7677 r=4.5><title>ordered_json, 8000 keys: 67.8 ms</title></circle> <circle class=nj-charts-ojson-dot cx=330 cy=30.0977 r=4.5><title>ordered_json, 16000 keys: 181.6 ms</title></circle> <text class="nj-charts-val nj-charts-name-ojson" x=340 y=28.0977>ordered_json</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=340 y=43.0977>181.6 ms</text> <text class=nj-charts-val x=72 y=160.213>3.6 ms</text> </svg></p> </div> <p class=nj-charts-caption>Parsing a flat object of <code>n</code> keys, measured with <code>-O2 -DNDEBUG</code>; all four sizes from the <a href=../../api/ordered_map/#complexity>table on the <code>ordered_map</code> page</a>, both axes logarithmic.</p> <p>If insertion order matters <em>and</em> an object routinely has many thousands of keys, <code>ordered_json</code>'s quadratic build cost may not be acceptable. The library's <a href=../types/template_parameters/#objecttype><code>ObjectType</code> template parameter</a> can be set to a different container instead: <code class=highlight><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>fifo_map</span></code> keeps insertion order with a real lookup index (avoiding the quadratic cost), while <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>unordered_map</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>boost</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>unordered_flat_map</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>absl</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>flat_hash_map</span></code>, and similar hash maps trade insertion order for average-case constant-time lookup (through an adapter, since their template argument order does not match what <code>basic_json</code> expects) — see <a href=../object_order/#alternative-behavior-preserve-insertion-order>Object Order</a> for the full list.</p> <h2 id=avoiding-copies>Avoiding copies<a class=headerlink href=#avoiding-copies title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><strong>Move instead of copy.</strong> Constructing a <code>basic_json</code> from an existing one is <a href=../../api/basic_json/basic_json/#complexity>linear in its size</a> for the copy constructor but <a href=../../api/basic_json/basic_json/#complexity>constant</a> for the move constructor. The same applies to assigning a large <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>string</span></code>, <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span></code>, or other container into a value: pass it as <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>move</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>)</span></code> rather than <code>x</code> whenever <code>x</code> is no longer needed afterwards. Since version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>, converting an rvalue container (<code class=highlight><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>move</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>vec</span><span class=p>);</span></code>) moves the elements instead of copying them; the source is then left in a valid but unspecified state.</li> <li><strong>Access without copying.</strong> <a href=../../api/basic_json/get/ ><code>get&lt;T&gt;()</code></a> returns a copy of the stored value converted to <code>T</code>. When a reference or pointer to the value already stored inside the <code>basic_json</code> is enough, <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_ref/ ><code>get_ref()</code></a> and <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_ptr/ ><code>get_ptr()</code></a> access it directly: both pages state, word for word, "No copies are made." — at the cost of that reference or pointer becoming invalid once the underlying value changes.</li> <li><strong>Iterate by reference.</strong> <code class=highlight><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>iterator</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=k>operator</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=p>()</span></code> returns a <code>reference</code> (an alias for <code class=highlight><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;</span></code>), but a range-based for loop with a by-value loop variable (<code class=highlight><span class=k>for</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>auto</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>el</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>)</span></code>) still copies each element, because plain <code class=highlight><span class=k>auto</span></code> drops the reference. Write <code class=highlight><span class=k>for</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>auto</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>el</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>)</span></code> (or <code class=highlight><span class=k>auto</span><span class=o>&amp;</span></code> for a mutable loop), and use <a href=../../api/basic_json/items/ ><code>items()</code></a> the same way when the key is needed too — its own examples use <code class=highlight><span class=k>for</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=k>auto</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>el</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>:</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>items</span><span class=p>())</span></code>.</li> <li><strong>Construct in place.</strong> <a href=../../api/basic_json/emplace_back/ ><code>emplace_back()</code></a> (arrays, amortized constant time) and <a href=../../api/basic_json/emplace/ ><code>emplace()</code></a> (objects, logarithmic in the size of the container for <code>json</code>) forward their arguments directly to a <code>basic_json</code> constructor, rather than requiring a temporary value to be constructed and then copied or moved in. <a href=../../api/basic_json/push_back/ ><code>push_back()</code></a> has an rvalue overload (<code class=highlight><span class=n>push_back</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>basic_json</span><span class=o>&amp;&amp;</span><span class=p>)</span></code>) for a value that already exists: <code class=highlight><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>push_back</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>move</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>value</span><span class=p>))</span></code> moves it in instead of copying it.</li> <li><strong>Skip the bounds check when it is redundant.</strong> <a href=../../api/basic_json/at/ ><code>at()</code></a> and <a href=../../api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/ ><code>operator[]</code></a> have the same complexity (constant for a valid array index, logarithmic for an object key in <code>json</code>) — the difference is that <code>at()</code> additionally checks the key or index and throws if it is invalid, while <code>operator[]</code> does not (see <a href=../element_access/unchecked_access/ >unchecked access</a> and <a href=../element_access/checked_access/ >checked access</a>). Prefer <code>operator[]</code> when the surrounding code has already established that the access is valid.</li> <li><strong>Reserve array capacity.</strong> <code>basic_json</code> has no public <code>reserve()</code>, but when building a large array incrementally with a known final size, <a href=../../api/basic_json/get_ref/ ><code>get_ref()</code></a> exposes the underlying <code class=highlight><span class=n>array_t</span></code> so it can be reserved directly — see <a href=../element_access/unchecked_access/#performance-reserving-array-capacity>"reserving array capacity"</a> for the one-line recipe.</li> </ul> <h2 id=memory>Memory<a class=headerlink href=#memory title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><strong>A value is small, its content is on the heap.</strong> A <code>basic_json</code> is 16 bytes on a 64-bit platform (a type tag and a union). Strings, arrays, objects, and binary values are allocated on the heap and owned by the value. Destroying the value frees everything it owns.</li> <li><strong>Copies are deep.</strong> After <code class=highlight><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>b</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>;</span></code>, changing <code>b</code> does not change <code>a</code>, and both own their memory. Copying a large value therefore doubles its memory; see <a href=#avoiding-copies>Avoiding copies</a>. <code class=highlight><span class=k>auto</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>"key"</span><span class=p>];</span></code> is a copy, <code class=highlight><span class=k>auto</span><span class=o>&amp;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>x</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=s>"key"</span><span class=p>];</span></code> is not.</li> <li><strong>A moved-from value is <code>null</code>.</strong> After <code class=highlight><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>c</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>move</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>a</span><span class=p>);</span></code> the value <code>a</code> is <code class=highlight><span class=kc>null</span></code> and owns nothing.</li> <li><strong>Reading does not require a tree.</strong> If you only read the data, parse it into a <a href=../json_view/ ><code>json_document</code></a> (<code class=highlight><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>/</span><span class=n>json_view</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>hpp</span><span class=o>&gt;</span></code>, added in version 3.13.0 <span class=unreleased-version title="Not part of a release yet; the latest release is 3.12.0.">unreleased</span>) instead of a <code>basic_json</code>. It stores 16 bytes per value, does not copy floating-point numbers or strings without escape sequences out of the text, and creates no <code>basic_json</code> value except for the parts you <a href=../../api/basic_json_view/materialize/ ><code>materialize()</code></a>. A document that borrows the text needs the text to outlive it; see <a href=../json_view/ >Zero-copy <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> views</a>.</li> <li><strong>Containers keep their capacity.</strong> <code>clear()</code> and <code>erase()</code> on an array remove the elements, but the underlying <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span></code> keeps its allocated capacity, like <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>vector</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>clear</span></code> does. To give the memory back, assign a new value (<code class=highlight><span class=n>j</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>json</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>array</span><span class=p>();</span></code>) or destroy the value.</li> <li><strong>Freed memory does not always go back to the operating system.</strong> The library returns memory to the allocator (<code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>allocator</span></code> by default, or the <a href=../types/template_parameters/ >one you configured</a>). Whether the process size shrinks then depends on the allocator and the platform, as for any C++ program. A process that parses a large document and drops it is not leaking if its resident size stays high; run it under a tool such as <a href="https://valgrind.org">Valgrind</a> or the sanitizers to tell a leak from retained memory.</li> </ul> <h2 id=serialization>Serialization<a class=headerlink href=#serialization title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><a href=../../api/basic_json/dump/ ><code>dump()</code></a> with the default <code class=highlight><span class=n>indent</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=mi>-1</span></code> selects "the most compact representation" (word for word from the page); any non-negative <code>indent</code> pretty-prints instead, which is more readable but produces more bytes and more work. <code>dump()</code> builds and returns a complete <code class=highlight><span class=n>string_t</span></code> containing the whole serialization. <a href=../../api/operator_ltlt/ ><code>operator&lt;&lt;</code></a> writes directly to a <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>ostream</span></code> instead, through the same serializer, but without ever materializing that intermediate string — so if the destination is a stream (a file, or <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>cout</span></code>), <code class=highlight><span class=n>os</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>;</span></code> avoids the allocation and copy that <code class=highlight><span class=n>os</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>&lt;&lt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>j</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=n>dump</span><span class=p>();</span></code> would incur for large values.</p> <h2 id=diagnostics-overhead>Diagnostics overhead<a class=headerlink href=#diagnostics-overhead title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Two opt-in macros add diagnostic information to exceptions and to every value, at a cost that is only worth paying while it is in use:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostics/ ><code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code></a> adds a <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> Pointer to exception messages, pointing at the value that triggered the exception. Quoting the page directly: "enabling this macro increases the size of every <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value by one pointer and adds some runtime overhead" — every value gains a parent pointer that has to be kept up to date as the document is built and modified.</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_diagnostic_positions/ ><code>JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS</code></a> adds <a href=../../api/basic_json/start_pos/ ><code>start_pos()</code></a> and <a href=../../api/basic_json/end_pos/ ><code>end_pos()</code></a>, the byte offsets a value occupied in its parsed input. Quoting the page: "enabling this macro increases the size of every <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value by two <code>std::size_t</code> fields and adds slight runtime overhead to parsing, copying <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> value objects, and the generation of error messages for exceptions."</li> </ul> <p>Both default to off. Enable them where better diagnostics are worth the overhead (for example, while validating untrusted input, or in a debug build), and keep them off in a release build that does not need them.</p> <h2 id=compile-time>Compile time<a class=headerlink href=#compile-time title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p><a href=../../home/architecture/#source-layout><code>&lt;nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp&gt;</code></a> forward-declares <a href=../../api/basic_json/ ><code>basic_json</code></a>, <a href=../../api/json/ ><code>json</code></a>, <a href=../../api/ordered_json/ ><code>ordered_json</code></a>, <a href=../../api/json_pointer/ ><code>json_pointer</code></a>, and <a href=../../api/adl_serializer/ ><code>adl_serializer</code></a>, pulling in only a handful of lightweight standard headers instead of the full <code>json.hpp</code>. A header that only needs to <em>name</em> <code>nlohmann::json</code> — in a function signature or a class member declaration, for instance — can include <code>json_fwd.hpp</code> and leave <code class=highlight><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span></code> to the source files that actually parse, build, or serialize values, the same way a project would forward-declare any other heavy class to keep it out of widely-included headers:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><span class=c1>// my_type.hpp</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp&gt;</span>
<span class=k>class</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nc>my_type</span>
<span class=p>{</span>
<span class=w> </span><span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>config</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=p>;</span>
<span class=p>};</span>
<span class=c1>// my_type.cpp</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;nlohmann/json.hpp&gt;</span>
<span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>"my_type.hpp"</span>
<span class=n>nlohmann</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>json</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>my_type::config</span><span class=p>()</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>const</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cm>/* ... */</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>}</span>
</code></pre></div> <p>One caveat: <abbr title="Application Binary Interface">ABI</abbr>-affecting macros such as <code>JSON_DIAGNOSTICS</code> and <code>JSON_DIAGNOSTIC_POSITIONS</code> are encoded into the library's <a href=../namespace/#limitations>inline namespace name</a>. Every translation unit — whether it includes <code>json_fwd.hpp</code> or the full header — must define them the same way, or linking fails with undefined references instead of a compile error.</p> <p>If I/O support is not needed at all, <a href=../../api/macros/json_no_io/ ><code>JSON_NO_IO</code></a> excludes <code>&lt;cstdio&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;ios&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;iosfwd&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;istream&gt;</code>, and <code>&lt;ostream&gt;</code> outright and drops the <code class=highlight><span class=n>std</span><span class=o>::</span><span class=n>istream</span></code>/<code class=highlight><span class=kt>FILE</span><span class=o>*</span></code> <code>parse</code> overloads and <a href=../../api/operator_ltlt/ ><code>operator&lt;&lt;</code></a> that depend on them (<code>dump()</code> itself is unaffected, since it only returns a string); it exists for environments where those headers are unavailable (such as Intel <abbr title="Software Guard Extensions">SGX</abbr>), and as a side effect those headers are then never processed by the compiler at all.</p> <h2 id=see-also>See also<a class=headerlink href=#see-also title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../../home/design_goals/ >Design goals</a> - why this library does not optimize for speed first</li> <li><a href=../../home/architecture/ >Architecture</a> - how input adapters, the lexer, and the serializer fit together</li> <li><a href=../parsing/ >Parsing</a> - the available parsing functions and inputs</li> <li><a href=../parsing/sax_interface/ ><abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</a> - parse without building a <abbr title="Document Object Model">DOM</abbr></li> <li><a href=../json_view/ >Zero-copy <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> views</a> - parse into a flat index of the text and read it without building a <abbr title="Document Object Model">DOM</abbr></li> <li><a href=../binary_formats/ >Binary formats</a> - compact alternatives to <abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr> text</li> <li><a href=../object_order/ >Object Order</a> - <code>json</code> vs. <code>ordered_json</code> and other <code>ObjectType</code> choices</li> <li><a href=../types/template_parameters/ >Template Parameter Requirements</a> - custom container and allocator types</li> <li><a href=../macros/ >Supported macros</a> - overview of all configuration macros, including the diagnostics ones above</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_no_simd/ ><code>JSON_NO_SIMD</code></a> - disable <abbr title="Single Instruction, Multiple Data">SIMD</abbr> acceleration</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_use_simdutf/ ><code>JSON_USE_SIMDUTF</code></a> - use simdutf for <abbr title="Unicode Transformation Format">UTF</abbr>-8 validation</li> <li><a href=../../api/macros/json_disable_stream_bulk_scan/ ><code>JSON_DISABLE_STREAM_BULK_SCAN</code></a> - disable the stream bulk scan</li> <li><a href=../../api/basic_json/parse/ ><code>parse</code></a> - deserialize from a compatible input</li> <li><a href=../../api/basic_json/sax_parse/ ><code>sax_parse</code></a> - parse with a <abbr title="Simple API for XML">SAX</abbr> interface</li> <li><a href=../../api/json_view/ ><code>json_view</code></a> - a non-owning view of a value in a document</li> </ul> <!-- https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/tooltips/#adding-a-glossary --> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date" title="October 27, 2026 06:41:42 UTC">October 27, 2026</span> </span> </aside> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label=Footer> <a href=../object_order/ class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Object Order"> <div class="md-footer__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-footer__title> <span class=md-footer__direction> Previous </span> <div class=md-ellipsis> Object Order </div> </div> </a> <a href=../parsing/ class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--next" aria-label="Next: Parsing"> <div class=md-footer__title> <span class=md-footer__direction> Next </span> <div class=md-ellipsis> Parsing </div> </div> <div class="md-footer__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11z"/></svg> </div> </a> </nav> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> <div class=md-copyright__highlight> Copyright &copy; 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann </div> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href="https://github.com/nlohmann" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.1.0 by @fontawesome - 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